pharm

Question 1

routes of drug administration

Answer 1

-Enteral-Small intestine (oral, gastric tube, suppository)
- parenteral (injection)
IV,IM, SC, INTRA-ARTERIAL,INTRASPINAL, EPIDURAL
-transdermal or topical (skin, sublingual, ophthalmic
inhalation
ottic
osseous

Question 2

WHAT ARE THE 4 STAGES OF PHARMACOKINETICS

Answer 2

1. ) ABSORPTION
2. ) DISTRIBUTION
3. ) METABOLISM
4. ) EXCRETION

Question 3

ABSORPTION

Answer 3

Unless delivered directly to the site, a drug must be absorbed, and then gain access to the systemic circulation
From there it is circulated to the site of action
Often this as through the small intestine, but drugs can be absorbed via multiple paths

Question 4

WHAR ARE THE FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION?

Answer 4

SURFACE AREA
BLOOD FLOW
BARRIERS THAT NEED TO BE CROSSED ( water or lipid soluble drugs)

Question 5

bioavailabity

Answer 5

is the amount of a given drug that reaches systemic circulation

Question 6

distribution

Answer 6

is the movement of drugs to the site of action

Preferentially delivered to organs with highest blood flow (Liver, Kidneys and Brain)

Question 7

loading dose

Answer 7

often use to achieve a specific plasma concentration

Question 8

maintenance dose

Answer 8

use to keep a specific plasma concentration

Question 9

metabolism

Answer 9

is the process of transformation of a drug into its metabolites
-PRIMARILY OCCURS IN THE LIVER
This Biotransformation is usually thought of as inactivating a drug
But it may also activate it (a prodrug), alter the effect, or create toxic metabolites

Question 10

first pass effect

Answer 10

enteral medications enter the bloodstream and go directly through the portal vein tp the liver where is metalize– whatever drug is left is then enters the systemic circulation,

Question 11

excretion

Answer 11

removal of the drug from the body ( mostly in the renal system)
GI System
Respiratory System (anesthetics and alcohol)
Sweat
Saliva
Alternative renal therapies

Question 12

clearance

Answer 12

is a way of describing the removal of drug from the blood stream.

Question 13

half life

Answer 13

Is the amount of time for the concentration of the drug to decrease by half.

Question 14

pharmacodynamics

Answer 14

is the examination of how a drug causes effect

Question 15

receptor

Answer 15

The site where the drug causes effect

The structure of the drug must match the configuration of the proteins in order to bind on and initiate an effect

Question 16

ion gates

Answer 16

The drug binds to an Ion Channel or Gate
This causes the Gate to open
This allows a flow of Ions into the cell
Changing the polarity of the cell

Question 17

types of receptors

Answer 17

Binding to a Receptor that “Talks” with other
systems inside the cell
The Drug binding to a receptor triggers a chain reaction inside the cell
Multiple different ways this can occur

Question 18

affinity

Answer 18

a measure of the tendency of a drug to combine with a particular receptor

Question 19

efficacy

Answer 19

is a measure of the tendency of the drug-receptor complex to cause a specific response

Question 20

three diff ways that a drug can act as an antagonist

Answer 20

competitive antagonism
functional antagonism
chemical antogonism

Question 21

ED50

Answer 21

measure of potency the dose at which a drug produces 50% of maximal effect

Question 22

maximal effect

Answer 22

the greatest response possible regardless of dose

Question 23

therapeutic index

Answer 23

is the comparison of how much drug is needed to cause effect, against the amount to cause death

Question 24

additive

Answer 24

taking two drugs which act by the same pathway, where the effect is the sum of the two

Question 25

synergism

Answer 25

drugs with different actions taken at same time produce effect greater than sum that each would give individually

Question 26

potentiation

Answer 26

where one drug that cannot cause an effect on its own, causes another agent to produce effects greater than capable on its own

Question 27

sympathetic

Answer 27

``` Implement “fight or flight” reaction Regulate body temperature Regulate cardiovascular system Short Pre-ganglion fiber Ach into a nicotinic receptor Long Post-ganglionic fiber NE into an alpha or beta receptor Ratio of Pre-ganglionic fibers to post is 1:20 Response to stimuli is widespread and diverse ```

Question 28

parasympathetic limb

Answer 28

``` Parasympathetic Long Pre-ganglionic fiber Ach into a nicotinic receptor Short Post-ganglionic fiber Ach into a muscarinic receptor ```