pharm

Question 1

what drug , in pregnancy, is used as analgesics

Answer 1

paracetamol

Question 2

what drug , in pregnancy, is used as anti diabetic

Answer 2

insulin

Question 3

what drug , in pregnancy, is used as anticoagulant

Answer 3

heparin

Question 4

what drug , in pregnancy, is used as antimicrobial

Answer 4

ampicillin-amoxicillin

Question 5

what drug , in pregnancy, is used to treat vomiting

Answer 5

vitamin B6
metoclopramide

Question 6

what drug , in pregnancy, is used for jaundice prevention after labour

Answer 6

phenobarbitone

Question 7

if taken during pregnancy, what risks does thalidomide present

Answer 7

phocomelia

Question 8

if taken during pregnancy, what risks does corticosteroids present

Answer 8

cleft palate
lip palate

Question 9

if taken during pregnancy, what risks do antithyroid drugs present

Answer 9

fetal hypothyroidism

Question 10

if taken during pregnancy, what risk does aspirin present

Answer 10

post-partum hemorrhage

Question 11

if taken during pregnancy, what risks does salbutamol present

Answer 11

delays onset of labour
because this drug decreases uterine contractions

Question 12

if taken during pregnancy, what risks do oxytocin containing drugs present

Answer 12

induces labour
increases uterine contraction
can cause miscarriage

Question 13

what pregnancy category of drugs do the following drugs belong to
(a) thalidomide
(b) aspirin
(c) paracetamol
(d) lithium

Answer 13

X
C
B
D

Question 14

define pharmacokinetics

Answer 14

study of movement through the body ADME
A: absorption
D: digestion
M: metabolism
E: excretion

Question 15

rank these routes by absorption speed
oral, IV, IM, SC, skin, inhalation

Answer 15

IV > inhalation > IM > SC > oral > skin

Question 16

what effect does diarrhea have on drug absorption via oral route

Answer 16

reduces drug absorption
decreases intestinal transit time and contact with absorptive surfaces

Question 17

how does the presence of food effect absorption of iron and aspirin?

Answer 17

iron: decreases absorption
aspirin: increase absorption

Question 18

what is the first pass effect? what are some ways to bypass it

Answer 18

• liver metabolism of orally absorbed drugs before systemic circulation
• can be bypassed sublingually (nitroglycerin) or via IV (lidocaine)

Question 19

what is the purpose of drug metabolism

Answer 19

converts lipid-soluble drugs to water-soluble forms of excretion

Question 20

how does CY450 induction by phenobarbitone affect warfarin

Answer 20

decreases the effect of warfarin by increasing metabolism

Question 21

the t^(1/2) of a drug is 6h
when will steady-state be reached

Answer 21

30h
steady state = 5 x t^(1/2)
5 x 6 = 30h

Question 22

how does urine alkalination treat aspirin overdose

Answer 22

it increases the ionization of aspirin which increases renal excretion

Question 23

how does aspirin displace warfarin from albumin

Answer 23

higher affinity for plasma protein binding sites

Question 24

what causes malignant hypothermia

Answer 24

genetic mutation → hypermetabolic reaction
to succinylcholine as an inhalatory anesthetic

Question 25

what mechanisms allow drugs to cross cell membrane

Answer 25

* simple diffusion * carrier mediated * filtration * pinocytosis (type of endocytosis)

Question 26

why does simple diffusion depend on lipid solubility

Answer 26

unionized drugs are lipid soluble and can hence cross cell membranes

Question 27

where are weak acids best absorbed

Answer 27

stomach

Question 28

name 3 drugs with high 1st pass effect

Answer 28

* nitroglycerin * lidocaine * propranolol

Question 29

what is the main site and enzyme system for metabolism

Answer 29

liver CYP450

Question 30

what happens if CYP450 is induced by phenobarbital

Answer 30

metabolism of other drugs increases e.g. warfarin

Question 31

convert these prodrugs to active forms 1. L-dopa 2. codeine

Answer 31

1. dopamine 2. morphine

Question 32

when is a loading dose used? what is an example

Answer 32

a dose greater than the amount usually given; given in emergencies e.g. digoxin → acute heart failure

Question 33

what is the clinical significance of knowing the elimination half life t^(1/2) of a drug

Answer 33

1. determination of inter-dosage interval 2. determine time needed to reach CPSS 3. determine time needed for complete elimination | it is the time taken for conc. of a drug to fall to half its OG

Question 34

what is meant by maintenance dose

Answer 34

dose required to maintain therapeutic level AKA stable plasma level

Question 35

what is cumulation

Answer 35

when rate of drug administration exceeds the rate of metabolism / excretion hence, drug accumulates in the body producing toxic effects | so cumulative drugs have a low excretion rate e.g. digoxin

Question 36

why does aspirin increase bleeding risk with warfarin

Answer 36

aspirin displaces warfarin from plasma protein and makes it free in the blood so it can't work as an anti-coagulant anymore

Question 37

what is the biggest teratogen risk window in pregnancy

Answer 37

3-8 weeks gestation during organogenesis