PHARM Chapter 8 - Principles of Nervous System

Question 1

Albuterol

Answer 1

Modulate sympathetic nervous system - dilates bronchioles selectively

Question 2

Metoprolol

Answer 2

Modulates sympathetic nervous system - selectively decreases heart rate and contractility

Question 3

Bethanechol

Answer 3

Modulates parasympathetic nervous system - promotes GI and urinary tract motility

Question 4

Atropine

Answer 4

Antagonist of parasympathetic activty - locally to dilate pupils or systemically to increase heart rate

Question 5

Ipratropium

Answer 5

Antagonist of parasympathetic activity - dilates bronchioles

Question 6

Pancuronium

Answer 6

Modulates somatic nervous system - antagonist of neuromuscular junction activity, induces paralysis during surgery

Question 7

Edrophonium and Neostigmine

Answer 7

Modulates somatic nervous system - agonist of neuromuscular junction activity, used to diagnose and treat myasthenia gravis

Question 8

What controls balance

Answer 8

vermis of cerebellum

Question 9

Serotonergic neurons regulate

Answer 9

wakefulness and sleep

Question 10

What neurotransmitter is released and what is its function in the substantia nigra (midbrain)

Answer 10

dopamine - enables intended movement, emotion, thought, emory storage

Question 11

What neurotransmitter is released and what is its function in the locus ceruleus (pons)

Answer 11

norepinephrine - vigiliance, responsiveness to unexpected stimuli

Question 12

What neurotransmitter is released and what is its function in the raphe nuclei (medulla, pons, midbrain)

Answer 12

serotonin - perception of pain, mood, responsiveness of cortical neurons

Question 13

What neurotransmitter is released and what is its function in the basal nucleus of meynert

Answer 13

ACh = altertness

Question 14

What neurotransmitter is released and what is its function in the Pedunculopontine nucleus

Answer 14

ACh = sleep-wake cycles

Question 15

What neurotransmitter is released and what is its function in the Tuberomamillary nucleus (hypothalamus)

Answer 15

histamine = forebrain arousal

Question 16

What neurotransmitters does the peripheral nervous system use

Answer 16

ACh + norepinephrine

Question 17

What neurotransmitters does the central nervous system use

Answer 17

ACh + norepinephrine + neuroactive peptides

Question 18

The two types of amino acid neurotransmitters are acidic which includes: __ and ___ for ___ and the neutral amino acids __ and ___ for ___

Answer 18

glutamate and aspartate = excitatory

GABA and glycine = inhibitory

Question 19

Primray excitatory neurotransmitter it accts on both ionotropic and metabotropic

Answer 19

glutamate

Question 20

Felbamate

Answer 20

treatment of refractory epilepsy, inhibits NMDA glutamate receptor

Question 21

Three categories of biogenic amines and what they are derived from

Answer 21

catecholamines = tyrosine
indoleamine serotonin = typtophan
histamine = hstidine

Question 22

How does tyrosine form dopamine

Answer 22

Tyrosine is oxidized to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)

L-DOPA is then decarboxylated to dopamine in cytoplasm and stored in synaptic vesicles

Question 23

In noradrenergic neurons, dopamine is converted to ___ in the synaptic vesicles via ___

In adrenal medulla this can be methylated to ___ in ____

Answer 23

norepinephrine
dopamine B-hydroxylase

epinephrine

Question 24

Clonidine

Answer 24

partial agonist that acts on presynaptic alpha-2-receptors

Question 25

tricyclic antidepressant (TCAs)

Answer 25

increases synaptic concentration of norepinephrine by blocking reuptake

Question 26

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Answer 26

increase intracellular pool of norepinephrine available for synatpic release by inhibiting chemical degrdation

Question 27

another name for serotonin

Answer 27

5-hydroxytryptamine

Question 28

how is 5-ht formed from tryptophan

Answer 28

enzymatic oxidation at 5 position followed by decarboxylation

Question 29

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Answer 29

act more selectively on serotonin to treat depression

Question 30

opioid peptide family is for pain sensation includes

Answer 30

enkephalins dyorphins endorphins

Question 31

aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (DOPA decarboxylase)

Answer 31

metabolizes peripheral L-DOPA to dopamine which cant cross BBB

Question 32

carbidopa

Answer 32

inhibitor of DOPA decarboxylase to ensure L-DOPA is not metabolized to dopamine before BBB

Question 33

Barbiturates and benzodiasepines

Answer 33

hypnotics and sedatives that potentiate action of inhibitor neurotransmitters in cortex

Question 34

General anesthetics work on what part of brain

Answer 34

cerebral cortex

Question 35

Levodopa

Answer 35

acts on striatum to ameliorate clinical manifestations of the disease

Question 36

clonidine

Answer 36

mediated by action at receptors in hypothalamus for antihypertensive effect