PHARMA first quiz Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism
A
Drug
2
Q
study of poisons and unwanted responses to drugs and other chemicals
A
Toxicology
3
Q
study or science of drugs
A
Pharmacology
4
Q
study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body
A
Pharmaceutics
5
Q
study of what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)
A
Pharmacokinetics
6
Q
study of what the drug does to the body; t he mechanism of drug actions in living tissues; drug- receptor relationships
A
Pharmacodynamics
7
Q
focus on the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases
A
Pharmacotherapeutics
8
Q
study of natural (versus synthetic) drug sources
A
Pharmacognosy
9
Q
regarded as a branch of health economics which deals with identifying, measuring, and comparing the costs and consequences of pharmaceutical products and services
A
Pharmacoeconomics
10
Q
list the types of drug names
A
- Chemical Name
- Generic Name
- Trade Name
11
Q
describes the drug’s chemical composition and molecular Structure
A
Chemical name
12
Q
name given by the United States Adopted Names Council, shorter than chemical name; used as official listing of drugs
A
Generic name
13
Q
drug registered trademark; use of the name is restricted by the drug’s patent owner
A
Trade name
14
Q
Drugs are classified by ?
A
Structure and Therapeutic Use
15
Q
list the phases of drug activity
A
- Pharmaceutical Phase
- Pharmacokinetic Phase
- Pharmacodynamic Phase
16
Q
disintegration of dosage form; dissolution of drug in body
what phase
A
Pharmaceutical Phase
17
Q
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
what phase
A
Pharmacokinetic Phase
18
Q
drug- receptor interaction
what phase
A
Pharmacodynamic Phase
19
Q
list Pharmaceutic Phases
A
- Disintegration
- Dissolution
20
Q
Drug absorption of various oral preparations (fastest to slowest)
list them
A
Oral disintegration, buccal tablets, and oral soluble wafers
Liquids, elixirs, and syrups
Suspension solutions
Powders
Capsules
Tablets
Coated tablets
Enteric-coated tablets
21
Q
- Oral
- Sublingual (fastest in oral route) 3. Buccal
- Rectal (can also be topical)
what route
A
EnteralRoute
22
Q
- Intravenous
- Intramuscular
- Subcutaneous
- Intradermal
- Intraarterial
- Intraarticular
what route
A
Parenteral Route
23
Q
- Skin (including transdermal patches)
- Eyes
- Ears
- Nose
- Lungs (inhalation)
- Rectum
- Vagina
- Urethra
- Colon
what route
A
Topical Route
24
Q
drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa or the small
Intestine
A
Enteral Route
25
the term used for the hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological agent when it is absorbed from the gut and delivered to the liver via the portal circulation
First-pass Effect
26
list advantages of oral route
-convenient
-absorption
-cheap
27
list disadvantages of oral route
-sometimes inefficient
-first-pass effect
-irritation to gastric mucosa
28
the dosage is placed under the tongue
rapidly absorbed by sublingual mucosa
Sublingual Route
29
the dosage is placed between gums and inner lining of the cheek (buccal pouch)
absorbed by buccal mucosa
Buccal Route
30
Bioavailability 100%
Desired blood
Concentrations achieved
Large quantities
Vomiting & Diarrhea
Emergency situations
First-pass avoided
fastest delivery into the blood circulation
Intravenous Route
31
Absorption reasonably uniform Rapid onset of action
Mild irritants can be given
First-pass avoided
Intramuscular Route
32
Injected under the skin
Absorption is slow, so action is
prolonged.
Subcutaneous Route
33
Injections of antibiotics and corticosteroids are administered in inflamed joined cavities by experts.
Intraarticular Route
34
Drug is given within skin layers (dermis)
Painful
Mainly used for testing sensitivity
to drugs
Intradermal Route
35
Rarely used
Anticancer drugs are given for
localized effects
Drugs used for diagnosis of
peripheral vascular diseases
Intraarterial Route
36
Application of a drug directly to the surface of the skin
Includes administration of drugs to any mucous membrane
Topical Route
37
Absorption of drug through skin (systemic action)
Stable blood levels
No first-pass metabolism
Drug must be potent or patch
becomes too large
Transdermal Route
38
list liberation release types
-immediate
-delayed
-extended
39
Describes the way that a drug is released from its administered form
Liberation
40
formulated to release the medicinal drug without delay
Immediate
41
formulated to release medicinal drug sometime after it is taken
Delayed
42
formulated to make the drug available over extended period
Extended
43
Three Major Processes for Drug Absorption
1. PassiveAbsorption
2. ActiveAbsorption
3. Pinocytosis
44
the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action
Distribution
45
Major site for metabolism
Liver
46
Major site for excretion
Kidney
47
Factors that Decrease Metabolism
1. Cardiovascular dysfunction
2. Renal Insufficiency
3. Starvation
4. Obstructive Jaundice
48
Factors that Increase Metabolism
1. Barbiturate Therapy
2. Rifampin Therapy
3. Phenytoin Therapy
49
The elimination of drugs from the body
Excretion
50
The time it takes for one half (50%) of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body. A measure of the rate at which a drug is removed from the body
Half-life
51
the cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction
Drug Actions
52
the physiologic reaction of the body to the drug
Drug Effect
53
Drug Effect includes ?
1. Onset
2. Peak
3. Duration of action
54
the time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response or reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after administration
Onset
55
the time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response; occurs when it reaches highest concentration in the blood
Peak
56
the time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response; the length of time the drug exerts a therapeutic effect
Duration of action
57
Mechanisms of Action
1. Receptor Interactions
2. Enzyme Interactions
3. Nonselective Interactions
58
It is the body’s physiologic response to changes in drug concentration at the site of action
Dose-response Relationship
59
refers to the amount of drug needed to elicit a specific physiologic response to a drug
Potency
60
the point at which increasing a drug’s dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response
Maximal Efficacy
61
describes the relationship between the therapeutic dose of a drug and the toxic dose of a drug; ratio of a drug’s toxic level to the level that provides therapeutic benefits
Therapeutic Index
62
the degree to which a drug attaches to and binds with a receptor
Affinity
63
Drug binds to the receptor; there is response
what drug type
Agonist
63
Drug binds to the receptor; the response is diminished compared with that elicited by an agonist
what drug type
Partial agonist
64
Drug binds to the receptor; there is no response. Drug prevents binding of agonists
what drug type
Antagonist
65
Drug competes with the agonist binding to the receptor. If it binds, there is no response
what drug type
Competitive antagonist
66
Drug combines with different parts of the receptor and inactivates it; agonist then has no effect
what drug type
Noncompetitive antagonist
67
It occurs when the drug chemically binds to an enzyme molecule in such a way that it alters (inhibits or enhances) the enzyme’s interaction with its normal target molecules in the body
Enzyme Interactions
68
Cholinergic Receptors are located in the ?
list them
Bladder
Heart
Blood Vessels
Stomach
Bronchi
Eyes.
69
Three Different Receptors
-Alpha1
-Beta1
-Beta2
70
Four Receptor Families
1. Cell membrane-embedded enzymes
2. Ligand-gated ion channels
3. G protein-coupled receptor
systems
4. Transcription factors
71
Types of Therapies
1. Acute therapy
2. Maintenance therapy
3. Supplemental/replacement
therapy
4. Palliative therapy
5. Supportive therapy
6. Prophylactic therapy
7. Empiric therapy
72
Any characteristic of the patient, especially a disease state, that makes the use of a given medication dangerous for the patient
Contraindications
73
decreasing response to
repeated drug doses
Tolerance
74
physiologic or psychological need for a drug
Dependence
75
physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms
Physical Dependence
76
known as addiction; obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of a drug
Psychological Dependence
77
two drugs with similar actions are given together (1 + 1 = 2)
Addictive Effect
78
two drugs administered together interact in which their combined effects are greater than the sum of the effects for each drug given alone (1 + 1 = greater than 2)
Synergistic Effect
79
occur when the combination of two drugs results in drug effects that are less than the sum of the effects for each drug given separately (1 + 1 = less than 2)
Antagonistic Effect
80
two parenteral drugs or solutions are mixed together and the result is a chemical deterioration of one or both of the drugs
Incompatibility
81
any undesirable occurrence involving medications
Adverse Drug Events
82
preventable situation in which there is a compromise in the “Rights” of medication use
Medication Error
83
any reaction to a drug that is unexpected and undesirable and occurs at therapeutic drug dosages
Adverse Drug Reaction
84
is genetically determined abnormal response to normal dosages of a drug
Reaction
85
effects of drugs result in structural defects in the fetus
Teratogenic
86
effects results to permanent changes in the genetic composition of living organisms and consist of alterations in chromosome structure
Mutagenic
87
cancer-causing effects of drugs, other chemicals, radiation, and viruses
Carcinogenic
88
Four (4) Main Sources of Drugs
1. Plants
2. Animals
3. Minerals
4. Laboratory Synthesis
89
testing in healthy subjects
what phase of clinical trial
Phase 1
90
testing in healthy individuals with the diseases
what phase of clinical trial
Phase 2
91
larger scale testing in individuals with the disease
what phase of clinical trial
Phase 3
92
prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs
what act
Pure Food and Drug Acts
93
require that drug products, both prescription and non prescription, must be pure, effective and safe
what act
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act of 1938
94
allows FDA to set good manufacturing practices and mandated regular inspections of production facilities, transferred to FDA control of prescription drug advertising
Kefauver-Harris Amendment
95
Negligence (giving the wrong drug or drug dose that results in the patient’s death
Misfeasance
96
Omission (omitting a drug dose that results in the patient’s death)
Nonfeasance
97
Giving correct drug via wrong route
Malfeasance
