Pharmacology

Question 1

The study of drugs that interact with the human body is defined as:

Answer 1

Pharmacology

Question 2

Define pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

What a drug does to the body

Question 3

Define Pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

What the body does to a drug

Question 4

What are examples of pharmacodynamics?

Answer 4

Biological effects and mechanism of action

Question 5

What are examples of pharmacokinetics?

Answer 5

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drug and their metabolites

Question 6

What must a drug act with in order to be useful as a therapeutic agent?

Answer 6

A degree of selectivity

Question 7

In which group of individuals is polypharmacy most common?

Answer 7

Elderly patients

Question 8

What do drugs bind to?

Answer 8

Target molecules

Question 9

What two factors is selectivity a result of?

Answer 9

1. Binding site specificity
2. Ligand specificity

Question 10

Define an agonist

Answer 10

A drug that activates a receptor and causes a response

Question 11

Give an example of an agonist

Answer 11

Acetylcholine

Question 12

Define an antagonist

Answer 12

A drug that combines with a receptor but does not activate it. It blocks the action of the agonist by binding to the same receptor.

Question 13

What two qualities to agonists posses

Answer 13

Affinity and efficacy

Question 14

Define affinity

Answer 14

Strength of association between ligand and receptor

Question 15

If an agonist possesses low affinity for the receptor, how will the dissociation rate present?

Answer 15

Fast dissociation rate

Question 16

If an agonist possesses a medium affinity for the receptor, how will the dissociation rate present?

Answer 16

Moderate dissociation rate

Question 17

If an agonist possesses a high affinity for the receptor, how will the dissociation rate present?

Answer 17

Slow dissociation rate

Question 18

Define dissociation rate

Answer 18

The rate at which a ligand dissociates from a receptor/protein

Question 19

Define efficacy

Answer 19

The ability of an agonist to evoke a cellular response

Question 20

What do antagonists lack?

Answer 20

Efficacy

Question 21

What do antagonists posses?

Answer 21

Affinity

Question 22

At what level of agonist concentration would there most likely be 100% receptor occupancy?

Answer 22

High concentration

Question 23

How would you describe the relationship between agonist concentration and response in a linear plot?

Answer 23

Hyperbolic

Question 24

What is the meaning of EC50 when plotted on a graph?

Answer 24

It is the concentration of agonist that elicits a half maximal response

Question 25

How would you describe the relationship between agonist concentration and response on a semi-logarithmic plot?

Answer 25

Sigmoidal

Question 26

The binding of an agonist and antagonist at the same site where they have to compete is termed…

Answer 26

Competitive antagonism

Question 27

The binding of an agonist to an orthosteric site and an antagonist to a seperate allosteric site is termed…

Answer 27

Non-competitive antagonism

Question 28

The process by which a drug enters the body from it sight of administration and enters the general circulation

Answer 28

Absorption

Question 29

The transport of a drug by the general circulation

Answer 29

Distribution

Question 30

The process by which tissue enzymes (principally those in the liver) catalyse the chemical conversion of a frequently lipid soluble drug to an often less active and more polar form that’s more readily excreted from the body

Answer 30

Metabolism

Question 31

The process that removes the drugs from the body (principally occurs in the kidneys)

Answer 31

Excretion

Question 32

Metabolism and excretion as a pair can be referred to as?

Answer 32

Elimination

Question 33

What are the phsyicochemical factors that control drug absorption?

Answer 33

- solubility - chemical stability - lipid to water partition coefficient - degree of ionisation

Question 34

A drug must dissolve in order to be absorbed. True or false?

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What happens to the rate of diffusion when lipid solubility increases?

Answer 35

It increases

Question 36

Only charged forms of drug can readily diffuse across the lipid layer. True or false?

Answer 36

False. Only UNCHARGED forms of drug can readily diffuse across the lipid layer.

Question 37

What does degree of ionisation depend upon?

Answer 37

The pKa of the drug and local pH

Question 38

Define pKa

Answer 38

PH at which 50% of drug us ionised and 50% unionised

Question 39

What type of acid and base is week absorbed?

Answer 39

Weak acids and bases

Question 40

What are some factors that affect GI absorption?

Answer 40

- GI motility - pH at absorption site - blood flow to stomach and intestines - drug manufacture - Physicochemical interactions - presence of transporters in membranes of epithelial cells that facilitate drug absorption

Question 41

Fraction of drug that reaches systemic circulation after oral ingestion, is known as?

Answer 41

Oral availability

Question 42

The fraction of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation after absorption is known as?

Answer 42

Systemic availability

Question 43

Define enteral

Answer 43

Via the GI tract

Question 44

Define parenteral

Answer 44

A route that is not via GI tract