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Neurology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Polycystic ovary syndrome can cause:
a. lamotrigine - aplastic anaemia …
b. carbamazepine - lupus-like syndrome, aplastic anaemia
c. levetiracetam - drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia, irritability
d. valproate - weight gain, alopecia, GIT symptoms, tremor,
pancreatitis, hepatitis in children, thrombocytopenia,
hyperammonaemia

A

d. valproate

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2
Q

Choose the correct Heparin statements:
a. It is given up to 6 months after a cerebral infarction because of
the risk of thrombosis.

A

a. It is given up to 6 months after a cerebral infarction because of
the risk of thrombosis.

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3
Q

Claims about various epilepsy drugs:
a. topiramate may cause cognitive impairment.

A

a. topiramate may cause cognitive impairment.

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4
Q

Which protease does rivaroxaban block?
a. Xa

A

a. Xa

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5
Q

A cure for status epilepticus:
a. diazepam.

A

a. diazepam.

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6
Q

How do we reduce a preoperative tumour?
a. Procarbazine - chemotherapeutic agent
b. lomustine - a chemotherapeutic agent that crosses the BBB and is therefore
suitable for the treatment of brain tumours
c. vincristine - chemotherapeutic agent

A

a. Procarbazine
b. lomustine
c. vincristine

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7
Q

What is not applicable to ICP-reducing drugs?
a. Acetazolamide increases the production of liquor

A

a. Acetazolamide increases the production of liquor

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8
Q

A cure for absence:
a. Calcium T-channel blocker.

A

a. Calcium T-channel blocker

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9
Q

Warfarin successfully prevents stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation because its
effect is slower than that of heparin.
a. both statements are correct
b. both statements are correct and causally linked
c. the first statement is correct, the second is not
d. the first statement is incorrect, the second is correct
e. both statements are incorrect

A

a. both statements are correct

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10
Q

Clopidogrel is a pre-medication. Clopidogrel and aspirin act on the same receptor.
a. first correct, second incorrect
b. both correct

A

a. first correct, second incorrect

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11
Q

Why do dopamine agonists, when injected, cause first deterioration and then
improvement?
a. Dopaminergic denervation hypersensitivity - increased sensitivity of
receptors to endogenous and exogenous dopamine.

A

a. Dopaminergic denervation hypersensitivity - increased sensitivity of
receptors to endogenous and exogenous dopamine.

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12
Q

Where is the main serotonin nucleus in the nervous system?
a. Raphe nuclei in the brainstem.

A

a. Raphe nuclei in the brainstem.

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13
Q

Hyperplastic gingiva is a side effect of which medicine?
a. Phenobarbitone
b. phenytoin

A

b. phenytoin

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14
Q

Which motor effects are not side effects of L-dopa treatment?
a. Myoclonisms
b. dystonias
c. choreatic joints
d. on-off phenomenon

A

a. Myoclonisms

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15
Q

Choose the correct statement about low molecular weight heparin.
a. crosses the placenta despite its high molecular weight
b. side effect with chronic use is thrombocytopenia

A

b. side effect with chronic use is thrombocytopenia

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16
Q

Choose the wrong statement about warfarin:
a. the antidote is vitamin K
b. do not give it with aspirin
c. low therapeutic index, watch out for interactions
d. warfarin overdose leads to increased blood clotting

A

d. warfarin overdose leads to increased blood clotting

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17
Q

Reteplase has a longer half-life than alteplase and is therefore injected in bolus.
a. both correct and causally linked
b. both wrong

A

a. both correct and causally linked

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18
Q

Correct claim about diazepam?
a. GABA partial agonist
b. GABE modulator
c. GABA-A receptor activator

A

c. GABA-A receptor activator

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19
Q

Direct plasminogen activator:
a. alteplase - also reteplase and duteplase
b. urokinase - also streptokinase

A

a. alteplase - also reteplase and duteplase
b. urokinase - also streptokinase

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20
Q

Which is not a side effect of heparin?
a. osteoporosis
b. gynaecomastia
c. thrombocytopenia
d. bleeding
e. pathological liver tests

A

b. gynaecomastia

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21
Q

Warfarin interactions:
a. chloramphenicol
b. diazepam

A

a. chloramphenicol

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22
Q

Carbamazepine is not suitable for any of these conditions:
a. partial seizure
b. tonic clonic seizure,
c. neuropathic pain
d. absence
e. none of the above

A

d. absence

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23
Q

To which factor does abciximab (an antiplatelet drug) bind?
a. on the GP IIb/IIIa receptor

A

a. on the GP IIb/IIIa receptor

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24
Q

Dopamine:
a. inhibits indirectly, stimulates direct pathway in striatum
b. inhibits directly, promotes indirectly
c. both inhibited
d. both encouraged

A

a. inhibits indirectly, stimulates direct pathway in striatum

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25
Q

The striatum is where most of the carrier is located:
a. dopamine
b. serotonin
c. GABA

A

a. dopamine

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26
Q

Which drug acts as an ADP receptor antagonist?
a. clopidogrel
b. dipyridamole

A

a. clopidogrel

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27
Q

What do we do to prevent nausea?
a. Domperidone

A

a. Domperidone

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28
Q

How does amantadine affect me?
a. increases dopamine release

A

a. increases dopamine release

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29
Q

Which drugs can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome:
a. L-dopa
b. dopamine agonists
c. abrupt cessation of dopamine agonists
d. all of the following

A

c. abrupt cessation of dopamine agonists

30
Q

Phenytoin toxicity:
a. ataxia
b. somnolence
c. muscle weakness
d. baldness

A

a. ataxia

31
Q

Which drug causes hyponatraemia?
a. carbamazepine

A

a. carbamazepine

32
Q

Warfarin is given for atrial fibrillation, has a later onset of action than heparin and a
longer half-life than heparin.
a. both statements are correct

A

a. both statements are correct

33
Q

Apomorphine claims:
a. action on the presynaptic membrane
b. postsynaptic membrane.

A

b. postsynaptic membrane.

34
Q

Why do adverse motor signs occur in L-dopa?
a. Increased plasma dopamine concentration.

A

a. Increased plasma dopamine concentration.

35
Q

How can warfarin be administered?
a. intramuscular
b. orally
c. intravenous
d. rectal
e. subcutaneous

A

b. orally

36
Q

Low molecular weight heparins affect:
a. fibrin synthesis
b. activation of factor X
c. prothrombin activation
d. binding of thromboxane to platelets
e. binding of factor Xa to the heparin:antithrombin III complex

A

e. binding of factor Xa to the heparin:antithrombin III complex

37
Q

Warfarin successfully prevents stroke in patients who have atrial fibrillation
because it prevents platelet aggregation.
a. both statements are correct
b. both statements are correct and causally linked
c. the first statement is correct, the second is not
d. the first statement is incorrect, the second is correct
e. both statements are incorrect

A

c. the first statement is correct, the second is not

38
Q

Rivaroxaban is an anticoagulant drug with a favourable pharmacokinetic profile.
As a result, it causes fewer side effects due to drug interactions than warfarin.
a. both statements are correct
b. both statements are correct and causally linked
c. the first statement is correct, the second is not
d. the first statement is incorrect, the second is correct
e. both statements are incorrect

A

b. both statements are correct and causally linked

39
Q

Circle the statement that applies to aspirin:
a. the antiplatelet action of aspirin lasts for approximately five times half the
half-life
b. aspirin’s antiplatelet action is significantly longer than its half-life
c. aspirin’s antiplatelet action is shorter than its half-life
d. aspirin’s antiplatelet action lasts the same as its half-life
e. the antiplatelet action of aspirin depends only on the current concentration at
the site of action

A

b. aspirin’s antiplatelet action is significantly longer than its half-life

40
Q

The drug of choice for Parkinson’s disease is levodopa. It enters the central nervous
system by:
a. does not enter the central nervous system at all unless a transporter
is added to the pharmaceutical preparation
b. diffusion
c. active transport
d. andocytosis
e. pinocytosis

A

b. diffusion

41
Q

Dopamine receptor agonists, e.g. ropinirole, can also cause:
a. Excessive appetite
b. alleviate nausea - this is what D2 dopamine antagonists do
c. hyperpyrexia
d. impulsive behaviour
e. gynaecomastia

A

d. impulsive behaviour

42
Q

The folds that can occur after prolonged treatment with levodopa are usually due to:
a. reduced plasma levodopa concentrations
b. altered levodopa metabolism locally in the brain
c. increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier to levodopa
d. increased plasma levodopa concentrations
e. faster dopamine metabolism

A

d. increased plasma levodopa concentrations

43
Q

Apomorphine must be given by continuous subcutaneous infusion because:
a. is a protein
b. would not be absorbed in the intestine
c. undergoes first-pass metabolism, which converts it to morphine
d. has a short half-life
e. none of the above

A

d. has a short half-life

44
Q

Levetiracetam works through
a. inhibition of voltage-dependent sodium channels
b. inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channels
c. inhibition of neurotransmitter release
d. antagonism at AMPA receptors
e. increases the concentration of GABA in the synapse

A

b. inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channels
c. inhibition of neurotransmitter release

45
Q

The rash is most commonly caused by:
a. gabapentin
b. topiramate
c. diazepam
d. lamotrigine

A

d. lamotrigine

46
Q

Where is noradrenaline made?
a. locus ceruleus
b. Meynert - acetylcholine
c. substantia nigra - dopamine

A

a. locus ceruleus

47
Q

How does phenytoin affect the cytochrome P450 system?
a. It speeds up its metabolism.

A

a. It speeds up its metabolism.

48
Q

Which drug causes fetal malformations?
a. Valproate.

A

a. Valproate.

49
Q

We add carbidopa to L-dopa because:
a. increases L-dopa uptake in the central nervous system
b. Inhibits MAO

A

a. increases L-dopa uptake in the central nervous system

50
Q

If we only give the patient L-dopa, it will enter the CNS
a. 80-90%
b. 60-80%
c. 30-50%
d. 5-10%
e. 1-2%

A

e. 1-2%

51
Q

Carbamazepine is a medicine that should not be prescribed:
a. professional drivers
b. for pregnant women
c. for post-menopausal women

A

b. for pregnant women

52
Q

Carbamazepine - we need to increase the dose after a while
because:
a. induces enzymes that speed up its breakdown
b. its elimination is slowed down

A

a. induces enzymes that speed up its breakdown

53
Q

Aspirin:
a. reduces thromboxane synthesis
b. increases thromboxane synthesis and prostacyclin synthesis

A

a. reduces thromboxane synthesis

54
Q

Warfarin - reduces its action:
a. barbiturates
b. chloramphenicol
c. SSRIS

A

a. barbiturates

55
Q

Levitacetaram is a favourable medicine because it has:
a. high therapeutic index.

A

a. high therapeutic index.

56
Q

Which medicine is not an immunomodulator?
a. methylprednisolone (corticosteroid)
b. interferon beta
c. natalizumab - used in MS, an antibody against integrins, which prevents T
leukocytes from entering the BBB.
d. glatiramer acetate - an immunomodulator used in MS

A

a. methylprednisolone (corticosteroid)

57
Q

Riluzole works by:
a. motorised tiles
b. glycine synapses
c. glutamate receptors
d. corticospinal route
e. centre for breathing in the pons

A

c. glutamate receptors

58
Q

What is not the case with natalizumab?
a. is as effective as Interferon Beta
b. is a monoclonal antibody
c. prevents T lymphocytes from crossing the BBB
d. causes multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A

a. is as effective as Interferon Beta

59
Q

Carbamazepine is a sodium channel inducer and is the drug of choice for absence.
a. both wrong
b. all possible combinations

A

a. both wrong

60
Q

What do we decide on antiepileptic drugs?
a. care
b. type of attacks
c. Co
d. associated diseases
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

61
Q

Which antiepileptic inhibits GABA transaminase?
a. gabapentin
b. prednisolone
c. vigabatrin
d. valproate

A

c. vigabatrin
d. valproate

62
Q

Why not give heparin orally?
a. because it is not an electroneutral molecule
b. because it is a high molecular weight molecule
c. because it has bound magnesium
d. a + b

A

d. a + b

63
Q

Which statement about fragmented heparin or low molecular weight heparin is
correct?
a. is the drug of choice for starting anticoagulant treatment
b. is a safer medicine than heparin
c. administered intravenously
d. is teratogenic
e. used in pregnant women

A

b. is a safer medicine than heparin

64
Q

Warfarin acts directly as a factor Xa inhibitor. Its effects become apparent after 24
hours.
a. both statements are correct
b. both statements are incorrect
c. the first statement is correct, the second statement is incorrect
d. the first statement is incorrect, the second statement is correct

A

b. both statements are incorrect

65
Q

For rivaroxaban:
a. is a factor Xa inhibitor
b. alters the genetic expression of factor XII
c. has a narrow therapeutic window
d. acts similarly to heparin
e. acts similarly to reteplase

A

a. is a factor Xa inhibitor

66
Q

For heparin:
a. It can be used for chronic conditions
b. It is safe and can be given to pregnant women
c. It should not be given to pregnant women
d. Low molecular weight is a safe anticoagulant

A

b. It is safe and can be given to pregnant women
d. Low molecular weight is a safe anticoagulant

67
Q

Which statement about aspirin is not correct?
a. irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2
b. antithrombotic activity is due to COX-2 inhibition
c. the effect lasts 4-10 days, due to inhibition of platelet-building proteins
d. rapidly eliminated due to first-pass metabolism
e. synergistic with clopidogrel

A

b. antithrombotic activity is due to COX-2 inhibition

68
Q

What percentage of patients are not helped by antiepileptics?
a. 10-20%
b. 20-30%
c. 40-50%
d. 60-70%
e. 1-3%

A

b. 20-30%

69
Q

What applies to domperidone?
a. is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist and is used to relieve nausea
b. is a D2 dopamine receptor antagonist and is used to relieve nausea
c. is a D1 and D2 dopamine receptor antagonist and is used to relieve nausea
d. is a D2 and D3 dopamine receptor antagonist and is used to relieve
nausea

A

d. is a D2 and D3 dopamine receptor antagonist and is used to relieve
nausea

70
Q

Low molecular weight heparin is administered:
a. intramuscular
b. intravenous
c. subcutaneous
d. rectal
e. orally

A

c. subcutaneous

Neurology (22 decks)

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