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VTNE TEST PREP > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Drug

A

any chemical compound used on or administered to humans or animals as an aid in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease or other abnormal condition, for the relief of pain and suffering, or to control or improve any physiologic or pathologic condition

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2
Q

Poison

A

a substance that, on ingestion, inhalation, absorption, application, injection, or development within the body, in relatively small amounts, may cause structural or functional disturbance

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3
Q

Generic name vs Trade name

A

generic name is usually derived from the chemical structure of the drug (drug only has ONE generic name while they can have many trade names)

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4
Q

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994

A

provides legal guidelines to vets for extra-label drug use

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5
Q

Controlled Drugs

A

Drugs that have potential to be abused
regulated by both FDA and DEA

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6
Q

Drug withdrawal times

A

Important in food animals due to drug residue potentially being ingested by humans

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7
Q

Important information found in drug package insert

A

Indications: approved uses of drug
Warnings and precautions: mild side effects or adverse effects
Contraindications: situations in which the drug should NOT be used
Overdose: toxic effects that can occur with too much drug given
Dosage and Administration: recommended amount and route

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8
Q

Compounded drugs

A

manipulation of a drug that is not provided for in an FDA-approved drug label

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9
Q

Reasons for compounding drugs

A
  1. provide more appropriate dose
  2. to add flavoring
  3. alternate routes of administration (oral, transdermal, or topical)
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10
Q

Parenteral Routes

A

subcutaneously (SQ or SC)
intramuscularly (IM)
intravenously (IV)

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11
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

refers to what the body does to the drug or how the drug moves within the body
Involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

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12
Q

Therapeutic Index (TI)

A

the relationship between a drug’s ability to achieve the desired effect compared with its tendency to produce toxic effects
Ratio between the LD50 (dose of a drug that is lethal in 50% of the animals in a trial) and the ED50 (dose of a drug that is effective in 50% of the animals)
TI = LD50/ED50

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13
Q

Bioavailability

A

the percentage of drug that is administered and actually reaches systemic circulation

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14
Q

Factors that can affect absorption and distribution of drugs

A
  1. pKa of the drug
  2. pH of the tissues
  3. solubility of the drug
  4. perfusion of tissues
  5. volume of distribution (Vd)
  6. other factors, such as blood-brain barrier
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15
Q

First-pass Effect

A

When orally administered drugs travel to the liver before reaching the systemic circulation and may be removed before they are able to affect the rest of the body

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16
Q

Drug Elimination Process

A

Usually requires biotransformation (metabolism) and excretion
liver changes the chemical structure of the drug
Circulating metabolites usually filtered into urine through the kidneys but can also be excreted in the feces, sweat, or through respiration

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17
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

refers to what the drug does to the body and how it works
Involves the study of the effects of drugs, drug concentration-effect relationships, and mechanism of action

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18
Q

Drug agonist

A

Drug binds to a receptor site and cause the cell to react

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19
Q

Drug antagonist

A

drug binds to the receptor to prevent a reaction

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20
Q

Antimicrobial Drugs

A

drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses

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21
Q

What makes an antimicrobial effective?

A
  1. Organism must be susceptible
  2. Drug must be able to penetrate the site of infection at an effective concentration for an appropriate length of time to kill or inhibit the organism
  3. Patient must be able to tolerate the treatment
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22
Q

How is bacterial resistance created?

A

insufficient treatment due to infrequent dosage, not finishing treatment, or treating for extended periods of time

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23
Q

Five mechanisms of how antimicrobials work

A
  1. Disruption of development of microbial cell wall
  2. Damaging the cell membrane
  3. Protein synthesis inhibition
  4. Inhibition of nucleic acid production
  5. Disruption of microbial metabolic activity
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24
Q

List 4 main categories of analgesic drugs

Study These Flashcards
A

Opioids
NSAIDs
Local anesthetics
Alpha2 Agonists

25
Opioids
Block transduction of the pain impulse in peripheral tissues and dampen modulation and perception of pain that occurs in the spinal cord
26
List 3 types of opioid receptors
mu, kappa, and delta
27
Pure agonist opioids
stimulate all receptors (predominantly mu receptors) Ex. morphine, meperidine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, methadone, fentanyl, sufentanil, and alfentanil
28
Partial agonist opioids
bind to an opioid receptor but are less efficacious that the pure agonist opioids Ex. buprenorphine
29
Agonist and antagonist opioids
block one type of receptor while stimulating another Ex. butorphanol and nalbuphine
30
Pure antagonist opioids
attach to opioid receptors but do not active them Used as reversal agents of other opioids Ex. Naloxone and Nalmefene
31
NSAIDs
Produce anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins via COX enzymes COX-2 selective NSAIDs help keep the protective effects of prostaglandins for GI, Kidney, and Platelet functions
32
List NSAID drugs
Carprofen (Rimadyl, Vetprofen) Deracoxib (Deramaxx) Meloxicam (Metacam) Robenacoxib (Onsior) Aspirin (Bufferin, Ascripten) Grapiprant (Galliprant)
33
List NSAIDs commonly used in large animals
Flunixin Meglumine Phenylbutazone
34
NSAID Common Adverse Side Effects
GI toxicity (gastritis, vomiting, diarrhea, GI ulceration, and GI perforation) Most likely occur with inappropriate dosing or when administered with another NSAID or steroid
35
Why use caution when giving NSAIDs to cats?
Kidney injury is observed in cats with higher doses or repeated NSAID doses Cats have slow clearance of NSAIDs due to deficiency of the enzyme Glucuronyl Transferase
36
Local anesthetics
Used for neuraxial anesthesia and peripheral nerve blockade Completely block the transmission of nociceptive stimulation which prevents signals from reaching the CNS Ex. lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine, and ropivacaine
37
Alpha2 Agonists
Primarily cause sedation but can provide analgesia through all four steps of the pain pathway
38
List examples of Alpha2 Agonists used in small animals
medetomidine and dexmedetomidine
39
List examples of Alpha2 Agonists used in large animals
xylazine, detomidine, and romifidine
40
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists
block the NMDA receptor activity to reduce hypersensitivity and central sensitization Ex. ketamine, amantadine, and methadone
41
Tramadol
Has weak mu-receptor agonist activity Also inhibits the reuptake or norepinephrine and serotonin in the CNS Commonly used in conjunction with NSAIDs, gabapentin, and amantadine
42
Glycosaminoglycans and chondroprotectants
adjunct treatment for osteoarthritisAnt
43
Anticholinergics
Block the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors Used to treat sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block, and sinus arrest Additional effects: reduces salivation, reduces vagal tone, reduces GI activity, reduces tear secretions, causes mydriasis and bronchial dilation Ex. Atropine and Glycopyrrolate
44
Adrenergic Agents
Mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system Classified by the receptor-type on which they act
45
Sympathomimetic agents
Mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
46
Examples of Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, xylazine, and dexmedetomidine
47
Examples of Beta-Adrenergic Agents
epinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, terbutaline, and albuterol
48
Sympatholytic Agents
block the action of the sympathetic nervous system
49
Examples of alpha-adrenergic antagonists
prazosin, acepromazine, yohimbine, and atipamezole
50
Examples of beta-adrenergic antagonists
esmolol, propanolol, atenolol, and sotalol
51
Cardiovascular Drugs
Affect the heart and blood vessels Include antiarrhythmics, diuretics, positive inotropes, vasodilators, and angiotensin-converting (ACE) inhibitors
52
Antiarrhythmics
Work to restore normal impulse conduction by blocking sodium, calcium, and potassium while antagonizing beta adrenergic receptors 4 classes of drugs
53
List classes of antiarrhythmic medications (Remember some Some Block Potassium Channels)
Class 1: Sodium (SOME) Class 2: Beta Blocker (BLOCK) Class 3: Potassium Channel Blocker (POTASSIUM) Class 4: Calcium Channel Blocker (CHANNELS)
54
Diuretics
Help reduce edema and effusion associated with CHF Create osmotic force in the renal tubules that draws in water
55
Furosemide
Loop diuretic Most common diuretic used in vet med Can cause electrolyte imbalance or pre-renal dehydration Do NOT use with cardiac tamponade
56
Spironolactone
Potassium sparing diuretic used in conjunction with loop diuretics Contraindications: hyperkalemia, Addison's, Acute or significant kidney disease
57
Positive Inotropes
Increase myocardial contractility
58
Digoxin
Used to trat congestive heart failure and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
59
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) III Inhibitors

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