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Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

branch of pharmacology concerned with effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action
How the drug affects the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

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2
Q

branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body
How the body affects the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics
kinetic means movement

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3
Q

study of the biological effects of chemicals

A

pharmacology

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4
Q

drug sources

A

Natural sources
Synthetic sources

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5
Q

Natural sources

A

Plants
Animal products
Inorganic compounds (salts of various elements can have therapeutic effects in the human body)

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6
Q

Synthetic sources

A
  • genetic engineering alter bacteria to produce chemicals that are therapeutic and effective
  • original prototypes
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7
Q

plant source

A
  • synthetic version of the active chemical found in a plant
  • main component of the growing alternative therapy movements
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8
Q

animal products

A
  • used to replace human chemicals that are not produced because of disease or genetic problems
  • genetic engineering
  • many of these preparations are now created synthetically
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9
Q

Drug evaluation

A

preclinical trials
phase I studies
phase II studies
phase III studies
Phase IV studies

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10
Q

chemicals tested on laboratory animals

A

preclinical trials

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11
Q

chemicals tested on human volunteers

A

Phase I studies

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12
Q

drug tried on informed patients with the disease

A

phase II studies

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13
Q

drug used in clinical market

A

Phase III studies

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14
Q

continual evaluation of the drug (they have been selling the medication but closely monitor)

A

Phase IV studies

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15
Q

all drugs for sale in Canada must be approved under this act

A

FDA (Food and Drugs Act)

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16
Q

role of FDA

A

protect the public against health hazards and fraud from the sale of food (including beverages), drugs, medical devices and cosmetics.
FDA also establish Pregnancy categories for drugs

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17
Q

Drug Acts

A

FDA
Controlled and Substance Act

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18
Q

Controlled substances Act of 1970

A

regulates the manufacturing, distribution, and dispensing of drugs that are known to have abuse potential

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19
Q

who is responsible for the enforcement of controlled substances act regulations

A

DEA Drug Enforcement Agency

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20
Q

controlled drugs divided into how many DEA schedules

A

5

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21
Q

controlled drugs division based on

A

their potential for abuse and physical and psychological dependence

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22
Q

high abuse potential and no accepted medical use

A

Schedule I

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23
Q

Schedule I drugs

A

heroin, marijuana, LSD lysergic acid diethyl amide, which is a powerful hallucinogenic drug)

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24
Q

High abuse potential with severe dependence liability

A

Schedule II

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25
Schedule II drugs
narcotics, amphetamines, and barbiturates
26
less abuse potential than schedule II drugs and moderate dependence liabiity
Schedule III
27
schedule III drugs
non barbiturate sedatives, nonamphetamine, and barbiturates
28
less abuse potential than scheduled III drugs and limited dependence liability
Schedule IV
29
Schedule IV drugs
some sedatives, anti anxiety agents, and nonnarcotic analgesics
30
limited abuse potential under federal law, limited quantities of certain drugs may be purchased
Schedule V
31
drugs for Schedule V
primarily small amounts of narcotics (codeine) used as antitussives ( use to suppress coughing) or antidiarrheals (reduce or to stop diarrhea)
32
why is pharmacology important to nurses
to compound, dispense, and administer medications.
33
responsibility of nurses for medications
- Administering the drug - Assessing drug effects - Intervening to make the drug regimen more tolerable - Providing patient teachings about drugs and the drug regimen - Monitoring the overall patient care plan to prevent medication errors
34
Oral Routes of medication
medication taken by mouth (PO) tablets, capsules, liquids, solutions, suspensions (liquid dosage form in which solid particles of a drug are dispersed throughout a liquid (usually water) but not dissolved), syrups, elixirs (clear, sweet-flavored liquid used for oral medication, typically containing an active drug dissolved in alcohol and water)
35
Sublingual route
dissolved under the tongue goes quickly into the bloodstream and effects right away tablets, sprays, films (thin flexible strip that contains medications)
36
Buccal route
dissolved in the cheek pocket b/w the teeth and gums tablets, films, Disks (or drug-impregnated disks) refer to small, circular delivery systems that contain a specific dose of a drug, and are used in various ways depending on the application)
37
Ophthalmic Route
via the eye liquid eye drops, Gels, Ointments, Disks (similar to contact lenses)
38
Otic route
via the ear canal liquid ear drops
39
nasal route
via the nose nasal drops, Sprays, Ointments
40
Inhalation route
inhaled via the mouth into the lungs Inhaler, Aerosol, Powder
41
Nebulization route
medication inhaled via a device such as a face mask or a tube placed in the mouth. The nebulizer turns the liquid medication into an aerosol mist that is then inhaled.
42
Cutaneous Route
are drugs applied to the skin Ointment, Cream, Lotion, Powder, Gel
43
Transdermal Route
drugs delivered throughout the body via a patch transdermal patch
44
Rectal route
administered into the rectum Suppository (solid dosage forms that are inserted where they melt and dissolve to deliver medication) Enema (liquid drug preparation) fleet (over the counter laxative and enema products, primarily used for reliving constipation and bowel movement for colonoscopy) Creams
45
Vaginal Route
suppositories creams gels tablets rings (which are flexible, circular devices inserted into the vagina to release medication over time, typically for hormonal therapy or contraception)
46
Parenteral route
administered via injection Subcutaneous (sub-Q, sub-cut, SQ) Intramuscular (IM) Intravenous (IV) Intradermal (ID) Intrathecal (around the spinal cord)
47
Absorption of Drugs
movement of a drug into the blood stream. It occurs by the drug crossing mucus membrane in the stomach (such as when a pill is swallowed), through the skin (such as when a cream or patch is applied) or in the lung tissue (such as when a powder or aerosol is inhaled) Oral medications affected by presence of food in the stomach affected by route of administration
48
First Pass effect
medications are extensively metabolized by the liver. Most commonly seen with oral medications
49
it refers to anything that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus, leading to structural or functional abnormalities, miscarriage, or developmental delays
Teratogenic
50
larger initial dose of a drug given at the beginning of treatment to quickly achieve a therapeutic concentration in the bloodstream
loading dose
51
Protein bound drugs
These drugs refers to the medication that, once in the bloodstream, attaches to the proteins (mainly albumin) instead of remaining freely circulating. This binding affects the drug’s distribution, metabolism, and elimination, as well as its therapeutic activity.
52
Half-life
half-life of a drug (also written as t½) is the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the body (usually in the blood plasma) to decrease by half.
53
Excretion
Drugs may be excreted (removed) from the body via Fecal matter, urinary system. Other forms include Saliva, sweat, and breast milk.
54
Metabolism
The chemical alteration of a drug by the body.
55
The movement of a drug to and from the blood stream and various tissues of the body
distribution
56
factors affecting absorption IV route
none; direct entry into the venous system
57
IM route absorption factor
perfusion or blood flow to the muscle - fat content of the muscle - temperature of the muscle cold causes vasoconstriction and decreases absorption heat causes vasodilation and increases absorption
58
narrowing of blood vessels caused by the contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels
vasoconstriction
59
widening of blood vessels due to relaxation of smooth muscle
vasodilation
60
PO (oral) factor affecting absorption
acidity of stomach length of time in the stomach blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract presence of interacting foods or drugs
61
PR (rectal) factors affecting absorption
perfusion or blood flow to the rectum - lesions in te rectum - length of the time retained for absorption
62
Mucous membrane (sublingual, buccal) factors affecting absorption
perfusion or blood flow to the area - integrity of the mucous membranes - presence of food or smoking - length of time retained in the area
63
Topical (skin) factors affecting absorption
perfusion or blood flow to the area - integrity of skin
64
Inhalation factors affecting absorption
perfusion or blood flow to the area - integrity of lung lining - ability to administer drug properly
65
primary site of metabolism
liver
66
other name for metabolism
Biotransformation
67
mom common routes of elimination
- Fecal matter (gastrointestinal system) - Urinary elimination (kidneys)
68

LEVEL 1 (6 decks)

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