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BDS1 The Alimentary System > Pharynx and Oesophagus > Flashcards

Pharynx and Oesophagus Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the cervical viscera (neck organs)?

A
  • Respiratory
  • Endocrine
  • Alimentary
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2
Q

What is the pharynx and where does it expand from?

A
  • Muscular tube

- From base of skull to oesophagus (approx. C6)

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3
Q

How long is the pharynx?

A

12-15cm long approximately

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4
Q

What are the functions of the pharynx?

A
  • Conducts air

- Muscles direct food to oesophagus

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5
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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6
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory function

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7
Q

What duct is present in the nasopharynx?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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8
Q

What is the function of the opening of the auditory tube?

A
  • Makes sure the pressure of the back of the mouth is the same as the middle of the ear
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9
Q

What is found in the nasopharynx?

A
  • Nasolacrimal duct
  • Opening of auditory tube
  • Tubal tonsils
  • Pharyngeal tonsils
  • Uvula
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10
Q

What are the tubal tonsils?

A

Examples of inflammatory cells - act as first line of defence

  • Block and stop infection from going any further into body
  • They are located within the mucosa around the opening of the auditory tube
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11
Q

What are pharyngeal tonsils?

A
  • Inflammatory cells
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12
Q

What is the function of the uvula?

A
  • Stops liquids from moving upwards
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13
Q

What is the function of the oropharynx?

A

Primarily digestive function

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14
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A
  • Superior - soft palate

- Inferior - Base of tongue (epiglottis)

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15
Q

Where are the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches found?

A
  • In the oropharynx
  • Palatoglossal - front
  • Palatopharyngeal - back
  • Role of folds is to protect the 3 tonsils
  • Tonsils ae a collection of inflammatory cells
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16
Q

What does the Waldeyer’s ring consist of?

A
  • Four tonsillar structures

- The pharyngeal, tubular, palatine and lingual tonsils as well as small collections of lymphatic tissue

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17
Q

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

A
  • Superior - epiglottis

- Inferior - Level of cricoid cartilage (below thyroid cartilage)

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18
Q

Where is the piriform fossa located and what is it?

A
  • Located in the laryngopharynx
  • Danger area - things can get stuck and you can choke
  • Swells if things get stuck so potentially life-threatening
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19
Q

How many constrictors are found in the pharynx and what are they called?

A

3 constrictors:

  • Superior constrictor
  • Middle constrictor
  • Inferior constrictor
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20
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

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A
  • Only bone un the body which is not joined onto any other bone
  • Function - to ensure the airway stays open
21
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

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A
  • Olfactory
  • Optic
  • Oculomotor
  • Trochlear
  • Trigeminal
  • Abducens
  • Facial
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Vagus
  • Spinal accessory
  • Hypoglossal
22
Q

What nerve is the main motor nerve in the neck?

23
Q

What nerve is the main sensory nerve in the neck?

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A

Glossopharyngeal (CNIX)

24
Q

What is the pharyngeal plexus?

Study These Flashcards
A

A collection of the nerves supplying the neck

25
What is otitis media?
Middle ear infection
26
What is tonsillitis?
Swelling and infection of the tonsils
27
When doing a tonsillectomy what blood vessels and nerves must not be cut as a consequence of this is a massive haemorrhage?
- External palatine vein - Tonsillar artery - CN IX - Internal carotid artery
28
What is the oesophagus and where does it extend from?
- Muscular tube | - From pharynx to stomach
29
Where does the oesophagus lie?
In the neck, thorax and abdomen
30
What is the oesophagus posterior to?
The trachea and the heart
31
What is a sphincter?
A ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube
32
What are the 2 sphincters of the oesophagus
Upper oesophageal sphincter - muscle controlled | Lower oesophageal sphincter - physiological barrier arrangement
33
What epithelium is present in the oesophagus?
Stratified squamous - allows rapid turnover is cells are damaged, new cells will be available
34
What type of gland is found in the oesophagus?
Submucosal glands
35
What are the 2 muscle layers of the oesophagus?
C.I.L.O - Inner circular - Outer longitudinal
36
What are the 3 muscle types in the oesophagus and where are they found?
- Upper 1/3 - Skeletal (voluntary) - Middle 1/3 - Mixed - Lower 1/3 - Smooth (involuntary)
37
What does the lower oesophageal sphincter act as?
- A physiological sphincter
38
What is metaplasia?
Rapid change of epithelium from one form to another
39
What is dysplasia?
Pre-cancerous stage - epithelium has no proper structure
40
What id G.O.R.D?
Gastro oesophageal reflux disease
41
What are the 2 roles of swallowing?
- Moving food to the stomach | - Preventing food from entering the airway
42
What is the oral phase of swallowing?
- Food moved posteriorly - Some can pass onto pharyngeal surface of tongue - Liquid remains in the mouth in front of 'pillars'
43
What is the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
- Oro- to laryngopharynx - Soft palate rises - Depression of epiglottis - Contraction of vocal folds - Relaxation of upper oesophageal sphincter
44
What is the oesophageal phase of swallowing?
- Upper oesophageal sphincter constricts and bolus passes downwards - Peristalsis drives bolus down oesophagus. Oesophagus constricts above bolus and dilates and shortens below it - Lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes to admit bolus to stomach
45
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing
46
What is the symptom of dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing
47
What are the possible causes of dysphagia?
- Neuromuscular disease (nerve and muscle problems) - Obstructions * strictures, spasm * Tumours (30-50% reduction) * Developmental abnormality
48
What is a fistula?
Abnormal communication between 2 epithelial lined surfaces
49
What is a trachea-oesophageal fistula?
- Oesophagus stops - doesn't go all the way into the stomach - If a baby has this they will vomit - Can also cause chest infections

BDS1 The Alimentary System (7 decks)

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