Phonics Flashcards
(25 cards)
Phonics
instruction is the explicit process of teaching the alphabetic principle. It consists of linking letters to the consistent, predictable sounds they represent in English. This concept is called letter-sound correspondence.
Synthetic phonics
Explicit instruction of individual letter sounds and letter combinations
Isolates letter sounds or groups of letters and blends the separate sounds to enunciate words
Given the word “cat,” students learn to identify three individual phonemes /c/ /a/ /t/ and blend them together to pronounce the word “cat”.
Analytic phonics
Explicit instruction of whole words and patterns within words
Analyzes whole words to identify patterns and common phonograms, onsets, and rimes.
Given the word “cat,” students learn to recognize similar patterns in “bat” and “hat,” using this knowledge to read new words.
phoneme
A single unit of sound
grapheme
the letters that reprsent spoken sounds
morpheme
the smallest meaningful unit of language
free morpheme
a base word that can stand alone ( for example: heat)
bound morpheme
a word part that cannot stand alone (ex: -s, un-, -ject)
inflection or inflectional morpheme
a suffix that changes a word’s tense or number or implies possession or comparison(ex: run-to- running)
derivational morpheme
an affix( prefix or suffix) that most often changes a word’s part of speech ( ex sing- to- singer)
onset
the initial consonant or consonant clusters in a word (ex: h in the word “Hop”)
rime
The vowel sound and the consonants which follow. (example: -op in the word “hop”)
syllable
A word or part of a word that has one vowel sound.
digraph
A combination of two letters representing one sound, such as th, sh, or ch.
vowel digraph
Two vowels represent one sound, such as “oa” in boat or roam. Also known as a vowel team.
blend
Two or more consecutive consonant sounds that retain their individual sounds, such as “st” in “last”
or “spr” in spring.
diphthong
Two adjacent vowels in a single syllable. The sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another. (example: oy in boy and ou in cloud)
schwa
An indistinct vowel sound in an unstressed syllable. Most frequently, but not always, heard as the /ŭ/
sound, such as “a” in “about.”
r-controlled vowel
Any vowel directly followed by the letter r. The r changes the pronunciation of the vowel so that it is neither long nor short. (for example, bird and car)
l -controlled vowel
A vowel is directly followed by the letter l. The l changes the pronunciation of the vowel so that it is neither long nor short (for example, fall or pull)
decoding
The process of translating printed words into speech. (reading)
Phonics instruction supports decoding, which is translating written letters into the corresponding sounds of spoken language. Readers use their knowledge of letter-sound relationships to decode and combine each sound in a written word.
Explicit, systematic phonics instruction is the most effective approach to teaching phonics, and it is crucial for both students who are developing reading skills as expected and for students who require additional support in their development.
encoding
Translating speech sounds into written words (writing)
Encoding refers to the process of translating spoken sounds into written words.
Invented spelling refers to sound-based spelling, where students use unconventional spelling based on their current level of understanding regarding letter-sound patterns and phonics.
relationship between decoding and encoding
Decoding and encoding are reciprocal processes that support one another. Integrated decoding and encoding instruction supports the development of both skills.
Because many phonemes in English can be spelled with more than one grapheme, instruction should prioritize the highest utility spelling generalizations in the early grades. Less frequent sound-spelling patterns can be introduced once students have mastered basic encoding skills.
Systematic activity for phonics
Systematic phonics instruction should follow a logical scope and sequence, on a continuum from least to most complex concepts or skills.
Phonics instruction should include targeted practice with decodable connected texts that feature the newly or recently taught concepts.
