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Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

It’s the process by which green plants use co2 and water to make glucose and oxygen using energy in sunlight and the enzymes in chlorophyll

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2
Q

What are the roles of photosynthesis?

A 
Plants = make food
Animals = food for plants
Organisms = oxygen to breathe
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3
Q

What is the word equation of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide, water and light - chlorophyll - = glucose and oxygen

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4
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H20 - light and chlorophyll - C6H12O6 and 6O2

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5
Q

What are the factors necessary for photosynthesis?

A

Light, water, co2 and chlorophyll

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6
Q

Where do plants get light for photosynthesis?

A

From the sun

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7
Q

Where do plants get water for photosynthesis?

A

Water in the soil that is absorbed by root hairs and transported to xylem cells

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8
Q

How do plants get co2 for photosynthesis?

A

Atmosphere

Respiration

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9
Q

What is chlorophyll made up of?

A

Magnesium

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10
Q

Where in a plant does photosynthesis take place?

A

The leaf

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11
Q

Where in a leaf does photosynthesis take place?

A

Palisade cells

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12
Q

Where in the palisade cells does photosynthesis takes place / Where precisely in a plant cell does photosynthesis occur

A

Chloroplasts

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13
Q

Where in the chloroplast does photosynthesis take place?

A

The grana [granum-stacks of blisters]

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14
Q

What energy does photosynthesis convert from and to

A

Light energy to kinetic energy

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15
Q

What are the roles of energy carriers such as NADP+ and ATP

A

Trap and transfer energy in cellular activities

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16
Q

What does ADP stand for and where is it found

A

Adenosine Diphosphate and is found in the cells of all organisms

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17
Q

What is ADP made up of?

A

Adenosine, 5 carbon sugar called ribose and 2 phosphate groups

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18
Q

What kind of a molecule is adp

A

A low energy molecule

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19
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

If another phosphate is added to ADP by phosphorylation

ADP + energy + P = ATP + H20

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20
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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21
Q

Why is extra energy added when ADP forms ATP

A

Because there is an extra bond between the last two phosphate groups

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22
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Addition of a phosphate

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23
Q

What kind of a molecule is ATP

A

High energy molecule

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24
Q

How is ADP formed from ATP

A

ATP cannot store energy for long and breaks down energy and converting back to ADP

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25
Energy released by the cell is used for what
Cellular reactions - protein production and muscle movement
26
What kind of a bond is there between the two phosphates in ADP
Unstable bond
27
What kind of a bond is there between the phosphates in ATP
Stable bond
28
What is NADP+?
It is a low energy molecule involved in photosynthesis
29
How dos NADP+ form NADPH?
Combines with two high energy electrons and a proton to form NADPH NADP+ + 2é + H+ = NADPH
30
What is NADPH
It is a high energy molecule which is used to from glucose in photosynthesis
31
How does NADPH form NADP+
Releasing two high energy electrons and a proton | NADPH = NADP+ + 2é + H+
32
What can gardeners do to increase the rate of photosynthesis in greenhouses?
Increasing Co2 concentration = adding co2 into the air by burning gases Increasing light intensity = artificial light or a very bright light bulb Increasing temperature = enzymes involved to work faster
33
Name the molecule that traps the energy in sunlight?
Chlorophyll
34
What molecule is split by the energy in sunlight?
H2O
35
Describe pathway one light stage
Suns energy is trapped by chlorophyll Energy is passed to reaction centre chlorophyll Electrons become excited or energised and pick up an electron acceptor molecule The electrons spin out of control and to chlorophyll via enzymes This joins ADP + energy + P = ATP
36
Describe light stage pathway two
The Suns light energy is trapped by chlorophyll The energy is passed to a reaction centre chlorophyll The electrons become excited/energised and are picked up by an electron acceptor This releases electrons and together with NADP+ form NADPH The Suns energy is used to split water = photolysis Electrons move via enzymes back to the reaction centre chlorophyll
37
What is photolysis?
Splitting of water into three products
38
What are the three products of photolysis and their functions
Oxygen - released or used in respiration Hydrogen - used to make NADPH Electrons - replenish chlorophyll
39
Describe the dark stage
Co2 diffuses into the chloroplasts and joins up with a 5 carbon acceptor molecule to produce a 6 carbon molecule This 6C molecule is unstable and breaks up into 3C molecules Some of the 3c molecules are used to replace the 5C carbon molecule, but most are reduced to from glucose This reduction involves ATP and NADPH from rah light stage
40
What does ATP provide glucose with
It provides energy for glucose formation in dark stage
41
What does NADPH provide glucose with
Electrons Protons NADP+
42
What happens to what remains after the dark stage? [ADP and NADP+]
ADP + P = recycled in pathway one NADP+ = recycled in pathway two of lightstage!
43
Why is photosynthesis affected by temperature?
Because it depends on the activity of enzyme in both the light and dark stage
44
What is the dark stage also known as and why?
The light independent stage as it can occur in the light but does not need to use it
45
Where does the dark stage take place?
Stoma of chloroplasts
46
What is CO2 reduced to?
Glucose
47
In which pathway of the light stage is oxygen produced?
Pathway two
48
Outline how oxygen is produced
Photolysis, which water is split into hydrogen, oxygen and electrons
49
Give both fates of oxygen
Respiration | Released into atmosphere
50
What is the fate of the carbon from carbon dioxide in the dark stage?
Most - reduces to glucose | Some - used to replenish the C5 acceptor molecule
51
Aquatic plants such as elodea are particularly suitable for investigating photosynthesis, suggest a reason for this?
Bubbles of oxygen are visible for counting
52
What is the energy source for the dark stage?
ATP
53
Give two main uses of the main product of the dark stage
Glucose Respiration [broken down] Converted to starch [storage]
54
Give one reason why the second stage cannot happen without the first stage
The second stage needs ATP to supply energy [from pathway one] and NADPH which provides glucose with electrons protons and NADP+ [formed in pathway two]
55
Suggest one possible benefit to plants of having more than one chlorophyll pigment
Absorb more colours
56
What is the main source of carbon dioxide used by plants in the dark stage?
Atmosphere
57
To investigate the influence of light intensity or carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis - Suggest a suitable plant for such an investigation
Eleoda
58
To investigate the influence of light intensity or carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis - How was the rate of photosynthesis measured?
Amount of bubbles per minute
59
To investigate the influence of light intensity or carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis - What factor must be kept constant?
Temperature
60
To investigate the influence of light intensity or carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis - Explain how you would keep temperature constant?
Using water bath
61
To investigate the influence of light intensity or carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis - Why is it necessary to keep temperature constant?
Enzymes - optimum temp
62
To investigate the influence of light intensity or carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis - Why would photosynthesis stop?
Too Saturated with light concentration
63
Describe - investigate the influence of light intensity or carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis
- add sodium hydrogen carbonate to water in test tube until becomes saturated - cut section of eleoda and place in test tube [upwards] - place test tube and thermometer in water bath with a lamp one metre from apparatus - allow eleoda to stabilise for 5 mins - count number of bubbles of oxygen coming from stem per minute - repeat three times and work out average - increase light intensity by moving lamp closer and repeat steps
64
To investigate the influence of light intensity or carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis - diagram and explain the trend
Page 110 As light inc, rate of bubbles per minute inc [photosythesis inc] however it levels off when plant becomes too saturated with light
65
To investigate the influence of light intensity or carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis - result?
As lamp is moved closer to the apparatus, the rate of bubble production increases. However at some point it will cease to increase because it is saturated with light
66
How do u calculate light intensity
10,000 ——— [distance]^2
67
To investigate the influence of light intensity or carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis - why is sodium hydrogen carbonate added?
Ensure water is saturated with carbon dioxide
68
Name the simple compound that provides the necessary energy for the second stage reactions
ATP
69
To investigate the influence of light intensity or carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis - how measured rate of photosynthesis
By counting bubbles produced per minute
70
To investigate the influence of light intensity or carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis - explain how varied light intensity
Moving lamp closer or further or away from test tube
71
State a precise role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis
Supplies carbon for conversion to glucose
72
Give the specific site of a plant fell where photosynthesis takes place
Chloroplast
73
Where do these energised electrons come from?
Chlorophyll
74
Name the simple compound from which a plant obtains the H used to make glucose
H20
75
How can photosynthesis be accelerated in horticulture and explain
Inc cO2 concentration Inc temperature Temperature - increase enzyme activity CO2 - inc supply of carbon atoms
76
Is the dark stage of photosynthesis anabolic or catabolic and explain
Anabolic - small molecules [co2 and h20] form larger molecules [glucose]
77
Name the two types of particle transferred from NADPH to CO2 in the dark stage?
Electrons | Protons
78
Name a substance which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
79
What does NAD stand for and name two types of particle that it transfers
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide - Electrons - Protons
80
Name two environmental factors on which the rate of photosynthesis depends
Temperature | CO2 concentration
81
Explain what happens to electrons in pathway I
When chlorophyll gets energy from sun, electrons become excited or energised and pick up an electron acceptor molecule The electrons spin out of control and to chlorophyll via enzymes
82
Explain what happens to electrons in pathway two
The electrons become excited/energised and are picked up by an electron acceptor This releases electrons and together with NADP+ form NADPH Electrons return back to chlorophyll
83
Graph on colour pigments
Page 108 exam papers
84
Each time light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration is varied a precaution is necessary. What is this precaution and why is it necessary?​​
``` Allow time (before counting bubbles) Reason: Plant adjusting ```
84
What happens to water molecules when they reach the sites of photosynthesis?
photolysis or split | Protons or H+ / electrons / oxygen
85
From what substance is oxygen produced?
Water
87
In which stage of photosynthesis is oxygen produced?
Light stage
87
State a precise role for carbon dioxide in photosynthesis
Supplies carbon required to reduce to glucose
88
Give an account of the role of NADP?
Accepts electrons and hydrogen carrier in dark stage
89
State a precise role for water in photosynthesis
It is split by light and supplies hydrogen, oxygen and electrons
90
What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosythesis
Traps light as energy
91
Name a gas that is essential for the dark stage
CO2
92
To what group of biomolecules do the main products of the dark stage belong?
Carbohydrates
93
What are the two products of the light stage are vital for the dark stage and state the precise role in the dark stage
ATP -> energy store | NADPH -> electrons, protons, NADP+
94
Give two sources of the carbon dioxide that is found in the atmosphere
Respiration | Combustion
95
Rate of photosythesis graph questions
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