PHU 2

Question 1

Astronomer hired by the church to study the heavens

Answer 1

Copernicus

Question 2

Copernicus’ model of the universe

Answer 2

planets aligned perfectly

Question 3

wrote the book “On the Revolutions”
-planets revolving around the sun

Answer 3

Copernicus

Question 4

came up with the first new heliocentric model
-this made the Catholic Church wrong
-explains retrograde motion with lapping
~we’re moving!!
-everything is still circles

Answer 4

Copernicus

Question 5

How Copernicus un-pissed off the church

Answer 5

1) Releases his book on his deathbed
2) Writes the book in Latin
-writes to the highly educated
3) Dedicates it to the pope, allowing him to determine worthiness and ‘own’ the idea
4) Doesn’t claim truth, simply explains that the math works

Question 6

Occam’s Razor

Answer 6

the simplest idea is the best one

Question 7

Why the church rejects Copernicus’ idea

Answer 7

2 centers
-the universe won’t have more than one center

Question 8

Copernican Revolution

Answer 8

1) The Greeks don’t know everything
2) Overthrow the idea that we’re the center of the Universe
-psychological issue!
3) Challenging the church

Question 9

his model winds up not being any more accurate than Ptolemy’s

Answer 9

Copernicus

Question 10

receives the Mars data

Answer 10

Kepler

Question 11

Kepler’s model of the universe

Answer 11

The orbit of each of the planets is an ellipse, with the Sun at one focus.

Question 12

wrote a book called ‘Laws of Planetary Motion

Answer 12

Kepler

Question 13

First Law of Planetary Motion

Answer 13

Planets orbit the sun in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focal point (almost circular)
-the ellipses are independent of each other

Question 14

Second Law of Planetary Motion

Answer 14

A planet sweeps out equal area in equal time
-the planet is going faster near the sun
-would’ve been surprising to Aristotle because he thought the speeds of the planets were unchanging

Question 15

Third Law of Planetary Motion

Answer 15

There’s a mathematical relationship between the average distance between the avg. distance between a planet and the sun and the time it takes to complete an orbit and you can compare two of them
-Inner planets are moving faster than outer planets
-Same for anything orbiting anything

Question 16

Law

Answer 16

describes a fundamental relationship in nature

1) May or may not be mathematical
2) Is based on observation or evidence
3) Is accepted as true because it is so consistent
4) Is assumed to be universal
5) Can change over time

Question 17

theory

Answer 17

explains a fundamental relationship in nature

Question 18

if you drop a heavy thing and a light thing they will fall at the same speed
-in conflict with Aristotle
-happened in Piza

Answer 18

Galileo

Question 19

trust your senses
-in conflict with Plato

Answer 19

Galileo

Question 20

first person to improve telescope and look at heavens

Answer 20

Galileo

Question 21

Observation: Sees mountains, valleys, and seas on the moon
Galileo

Answer 21

Significance: the moon isn’t a perfect sphere like Aristotle believed
-if so similar to Earth, is it possible Earth isn’t special?

Question 22

Observation: Saw sunspots on the sun that moved around, shrink, and grew
Galileo

Answer 22

not orderly/perfect

Question 23

Observation: Found 4 moons around Jupiter
Galileo

Answer 23

Significance: -more than one center (against the Catholic Church’s argument for rejecting Copernicus’ model)
-repeat about moon arguments

Question 24

Observation: Saw the phases of Venus (crescents and gibbous-es)
Galileo

Answer 24

Significance: If Ptolemy’s model was correct, Venus would always appear as a crescent
-Ptolemy is wrong
-heliocentric model is right

Question 25

Why do moon phases happen?

Answer 25

As the moon moves around us, we see different percentages of the lit side of the moon

Question 26

Newton

Answer 26

invented calculus

Question 27

studied light -prism -proposed light was corpuscular (discrete) -stuck needle b/w bone and eye to test force -white light is made of all colors

Answer 27

newton

Question 28

ran the English mint -put ridges on coins to prevent workers from shaving off silver

Answer 28

newton

Question 29

First Law of Motion

Answer 29

An object in motion tends to stay in motion, and an object at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by some outside force.

Question 30

inertia

Answer 30

Galileo

Question 31

measure inertia

Answer 31

mass

Question 32

Second Law of Motion

Answer 32

a=F/m acceleration=Force over Mass

Question 33

acceleration

Answer 33

to speed up, slow down, or change direction

Question 34

force

Answer 34

a push or a pull -directly proportional to acceleration -forces cause acceleration

Question 35

Why didn't Aristotle come up with the Second Law of Motion?

Answer 35

he only considered F

Question 36

Third Law of Motion

Answer 36

For every force, there is an equal and opposite (in direction) return force. -one interaction, two things feel it -just replace the nouns -doesn't mean equal response (car/bug ex.)

Question 37

sideways speed

Answer 37

tangential velocity

Question 38

Inverse Square Law

Answer 38

-gravity obeys this -anything that radiates out from the center obeys this (ex. light, spray can, sound, butter and toast ex.)

Question 39

The Law of Universal Gravitation

Answer 39

F= force of gravity between ANY two objects with mass G= a constant m1 and m2= the masses of the two objects (in Kg) r= distance between the two objects from center to center mass and force are directly proportional

Question 40

had a better model than Ptolemy

Answer 40

brahe

Question 41

geocentric model

Answer 41

brahe

Question 42

Bar fight, nose, pet moose

Answer 42

brahe

Question 43

An astronomer, hired by the church, 'runs' a summer palace

Answer 43

brahe

Question 44

Builds better measurement tools for things in the sky

Answer 44

brahe

Question 45

while having dinner with the King, his bladder tears and he dies after about two weeks

Answer 45

brahe

Question 46

MARS DATA -if he figures out retrograde motion, he can figure out the universe -hoards the data -rotates jobs of employees so that no one person can have it all

Answer 46

brahe

Question 47

identified a supernova -we can find it now with his recorded measurements

Answer 47

brahe