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physical universe > PHU 2 > Flashcards

PHU 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Astronomer hired by the church to study the heavens

A

Copernicus

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2
Q

Copernicus’ model of the universe

A

planets aligned perfectly

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3
Q

wrote the book “On the Revolutions”
-planets revolving around the sun

A

Copernicus

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4
Q

came up with the first new heliocentric model
-this made the Catholic Church wrong
-explains retrograde motion with lapping
~we’re moving!!
-everything is still circles

A

Copernicus

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5
Q

How Copernicus un-pissed off the church

A

1) Releases his book on his deathbed
2) Writes the book in Latin
-writes to the highly educated
3) Dedicates it to the pope, allowing him to determine worthiness and ‘own’ the idea
4) Doesn’t claim truth, simply explains that the math works

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6
Q

Occam’s Razor

A

the simplest idea is the best one

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7
Q

Why the church rejects Copernicus’ idea

A

2 centers
-the universe won’t have more than one center

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8
Q

Copernican Revolution

A

1) The Greeks don’t know everything
2) Overthrow the idea that we’re the center of the Universe
-psychological issue!
3) Challenging the church

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9
Q

his model winds up not being any more accurate than Ptolemy’s

A

Copernicus

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10
Q

receives the Mars data

A

Kepler

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11
Q

Kepler’s model of the universe

A

The orbit of each of the planets is an ellipse, with the Sun at one focus.

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12
Q

wrote a book called ‘Laws of Planetary Motion

A

Kepler

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13
Q

First Law of Planetary Motion

A

Planets orbit the sun in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focal point (almost circular)
-the ellipses are independent of each other

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14
Q

Second Law of Planetary Motion

A

A planet sweeps out equal area in equal time
-the planet is going faster near the sun
-would’ve been surprising to Aristotle because he thought the speeds of the planets were unchanging

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15
Q

Third Law of Planetary Motion

A

There’s a mathematical relationship between the average distance between the avg. distance between a planet and the sun and the time it takes to complete an orbit and you can compare two of them
-Inner planets are moving faster than outer planets
-Same for anything orbiting anything

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16
Q

Law

A

describes a fundamental relationship in nature

1) May or may not be mathematical
2) Is based on observation or evidence
3) Is accepted as true because it is so consistent
4) Is assumed to be universal
5) Can change over time

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17
Q

theory

A

explains a fundamental relationship in nature

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18
Q

if you drop a heavy thing and a light thing they will fall at the same speed
-in conflict with Aristotle
-happened in Piza

A

Galileo

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19
Q

trust your senses
-in conflict with Plato

A

Galileo

20
Q

first person to improve telescope and look at heavens

A

Galileo

21
Q

Observation: Sees mountains, valleys, and seas on the moon
Galileo

A

Significance: the moon isn’t a perfect sphere like Aristotle believed
-if so similar to Earth, is it possible Earth isn’t special?

22
Q

Observation: Saw sunspots on the sun that moved around, shrink, and grew
Galileo

A

not orderly/perfect

23
Q

Observation: Found 4 moons around Jupiter
Galileo

A

Significance: -more than one center (against the Catholic Church’s argument for rejecting Copernicus’ model)
-repeat about moon arguments

24
Q

Observation: Saw the phases of Venus (crescents and gibbous-es)
Galileo

A

Significance: If Ptolemy’s model was correct, Venus would always appear as a crescent
-Ptolemy is wrong
-heliocentric model is right

25
Q

Why do moon phases happen?

A

As the moon moves around us, we see different percentages of the lit side of the moon

26
Q

Newton

A

invented calculus

27
Q

studied light
-prism
-proposed light was corpuscular (discrete)
-stuck needle b/w bone and eye to test force
-white light is made of all colors

A

newton

28
Q

ran the English mint
-put ridges on coins to prevent workers from shaving off silver

A

newton

29
Q

First Law of Motion

A

An object in motion tends to stay in motion, and an object at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by some outside force.

30
Q

inertia

A

Galileo

31
Q

measure inertia

A

mass

32
Q

Second Law of Motion

A

a=F/m
acceleration=Force over Mass

33
Q

acceleration

A

to speed up, slow down, or change direction

34
Q

force

A

a push or a pull
-directly proportional to acceleration
-forces cause acceleration

35
Q

Why didn’t Aristotle come up with the Second Law of Motion?

A

he only considered F

36
Q

Third Law of Motion

A

For every force, there is an equal and opposite (in direction) return force.
-one interaction, two things feel it
-just replace the nouns
-doesn’t mean equal response (car/bug ex.)

37
Q

sideways speed

A

tangential velocity

38
Q

Inverse Square Law

A

-gravity obeys this
-anything that radiates out from the center obeys this (ex. light, spray can, sound, butter and toast ex.)

39
Q

The Law of Universal Gravitation

A

F= force of gravity between ANY two objects with mass
G= a constant
m1 and m2= the masses of the two objects (in Kg)
r= distance between the two objects from center to center
mass and force are directly proportional

40
Q

had a better model than Ptolemy

A

brahe

41
Q

geocentric model

A

brahe

42
Q

Bar fight, nose, pet moose

A

brahe

43
Q

An astronomer, hired by the church, ‘runs’ a summer palace

A

brahe

44
Q

Builds better measurement tools for things in the sky

A

brahe

45
Q

while having dinner with the King, his bladder tears and he dies after about two weeks

A

brahe

46
Q

MARS DATA
-if he figures out retrograde motion, he can figure out the universe
-hoards the data
-rotates jobs of employees so that no one person can have it all

A

brahe

47
Q

identified a supernova
-we can find it now with his recorded measurements

A

brahe

physical universe (5 decks)

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