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ZOOL 475 > Phylum Echinodermata > Flashcards

Phylum Echinodermata Flashcards

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1
Q

Emerging patterns of Deuterostomia

A
  1. Radial cleavage
  2. Enterocoely
  3. Trimeric body
  4. Dipleurula larva
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2
Q

In radial cleavage, the planes of cleavage are ___

A

perpendicular or parallel

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3
Q

In radial cleavage, the cytoplasm is divided ___

A

equally

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4
Q

In radial cleavage, cell fate is ___

A

regulative

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5
Q

In enterocoely, the coelom forms from ___

A

out-pocketing of the gut

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6
Q

In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the ___

A

anus

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7
Q

What are the sections of the deuterostome trimeric body?

A
  1. Protostome
  2. Mesosome
  3. Metasome
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8
Q

In the trimeric body, what does the protosome contain?

A
  1. Anterior pre-oral region

2. Protocoel

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9
Q

In the trimeric body, what does the mesosome contain?

A
  1. Mouth-bearing region

2. Mesocoel

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10
Q

In the trimeric body, what does the metasome contain?

A
  1. Gut and gonad region

2. Metacoel

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11
Q

Characteristics of dipleurula larva:

A
  1. Bilateral symmetry
  2. Planktotrophic
  3. Trimeric body
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12
Q

Phylum Echinodermata: Morphological characterisitcs

A
  1. Pentamerous radial symmetry (secondary)
  2. Internal skeleton made of calacareous ossicles
  3. Water-vascular system
  4. Mutable collagenous tissue (“catch tissue”)
  5. Heart-kidney (no known excretory function)
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13
Q

Phylum Echinodermata: Species

A

6,000

All marine

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14
Q

Phylum Echinodermata: Size

A

Large

0.5<100 cm

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15
Q

Phylum Echinodermata: Feeding

A

Filter feeders, herbivores, predators, detrivores

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16
Q

Phylum Echinodermata: Nervous system

A

Reduced nervous system, few sense organs

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17
Q

Phylum Echinodermata: Asexual reproduction

A

Fragmentation

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18
Q

Phylum Echinodermata: Sexes

A

Usually, separate sexes

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19
Q

Synapomorphies of Echinodermata

A
  1. Water vascular system

2. Pentaradial symmetry

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20
Q

Synapomorphies of Echinodermata and Hemichordata

A
  1. Dipleurula larva

2. Heart-kidney

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21
Q

Emerging patterns of Echinodermata

A
  1. Pentaradial symmetry
  2. Dipleurula larva
  3. Calcareous endoskeleton
  4. Tissues and cell types
  5. Appendages
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22
Q

What kind of symmetry is possessed by dipleurula larva?

A

Bilateral

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23
Q

What does the symmetry of dipleurula larva suggest?

A

That the ancestral adult was bilaterally symmetrical

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24
Q

What is the origin of pentardial symmetry in the larval stage?

A

The dipleurula larva undergoes complete reorganization of body axes to a radially symmetrical adult.

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25
Components of the calcareous endoskeleton of echinoderms
1. Thick integument 2. Ossicles 3. Papulae
26
Integument
Composed of the epidermis and dermis
27
Ossicles
Lattice-like calcareous plates
28
Papulae
Coelomic gills
29
The epidermis of echinoderms includes these cell types:
1. Gland cells 2. Sensory cells 3. Ectoneural nerve net
30
The dermis of echinoderms includes these cell types:
1. Sclerocytes
31
The coelomic epithelium of echinoderms includes these cell types:
1. Peritoneal cells 2. Myoepithelial cells 3. Hyponeural nerve net
32
Three tissues found in echinoderms:
1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Coelomic epithelium
33
The appendages of echinoderms serve as components of the (1)___ and (2)___ ___ systems
1. endoskeletal | 2. water vascular
34
Appendage(s) of the endoskeleton
1. Spine 2. Pedecellaria 3. Ossicle
35
Appendage(s) of the water vascular system
1. Tube feet
36
Mutable Collagenous Tissue (MCT)
Reversible, rapid, neuronally-controlled change in passive mechanical properties of tissue
37
With mutable collagenous tissue, animals can alter (1) ___ ___, (2) ___, and (3) ___.
1. tensile strength 2. stiffness 3. viscosity
38
Mutable collagenous tissue allows echinoderms to:
1. Take any shape they want 2. Hold posture without effort; need few muscles 3. Automize limbs 4. Regenerate limbs and heals wound rapidly
39
What allows for rapid regeneration in echinoderms?
The ability to easily form and reabsorb ossicles as needed
40
Water vascular system
Fluid-filled system of canals and appendages
41
What is the water vascular system derived from?
The coelom
42
Purposes of the water vascular system
1. Locomotion 2. Feeding 3. Circulation 4. Respiration
43
How is movement achieved in the echinoderms via the water vascular system?
1. Ampullae contract to fill the podia 2. Suckers attach with adhesive 3. Longitudinal muscles contracts the podia
44
Some echindoerms serve as important (1)___, (2)___, (3) ___, and (4) ___.
1. predators 2. detrivores 3. filter feeders 4. herbivores
45
Examples of ecologically important echinoderms:
1. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (regulates kelp forests) | 2. Pisaster ochraceous (keystone predator)
46
Phylum Echinodermata: Cleavage pattern
Radial
47
Phylum Echinodermata: Body cavity
Coelomate (deuterostome)
48
Phylum Echinodermata: Coelom formation
Enterocoely
49
Phylum Echinodermata: Skeleton
Endoskeleton (calcareous)
50
Phylum Echinodermata: Hemal
Hamel rings and canals
51
Phylum Echinodermata: Respiratory
Tube feet and papullae
52
Phylum Echinodermata: Excretory
Tube feet and papullae
53
Phylum Echinodermata: Asexual reproduction
Fragmentation
54
Phylum Echinodermata: Sexual reproduction
Dioceious
55
Phylum Echinodermata: Lifestyle
Solitary
56
Phylum Echinodermata: Classes
1. Asteroidea 2. Ophiuroidea 3. Echinoidea 4. Holothuroidea 5. Crinoidea
57
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Asteroidea includes what organism(s)?
1. Sea stars
58
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Ophiuroidea includes what organism(s)?
1. Brittle stars | 2. Basket stars
59
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echinoidea includes what organism(s)?
1. Sea urchins | 2. Sand dollars
60
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Holothuroidea includes what organism(s)?
1. Sea cucumbers
61
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Crinoidea includes what organism(s)?
1. Sea lilies | 2. Feather stars
62
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Ophiuroidea: Species
2,000
63
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Ophiuroidea: Feeding
1. Filter | 2. Deposit
64
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Ophiuroidea: Morphology
1. 5-20 thin arms 2. Central disk 3. Semi-fused ossicles in endoskeleton 4. No ambulacral groove 5. Lateral spines on arms
65
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Ophiuroidea: Larva
Ophiopluteus
66
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echnioidea: Species
950
67
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echnioidea: Feeding
1. Herbivores | 2. Filter
68
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echnioidea: Morphology
1. Calcareous ossicles fused into test 2. Tube feet project through test 3. Spines and pedicillariae
69
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echnioidea: Larva
Echinopluteus
70
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echnioidea: Subclasses
1. Cidaroida | 2. Euechinoida
71
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echnioidea, Subclass Cidaroida includes what organism(s)?
Slate pencil urchins
72
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echnioidea, Subclass Euechinoida: Orders
1. Diadematoida 2. Echinacea 3. Clypeasteroida 4. Spatangoida
73
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echnioidea, Subclass Euechinoida, Order Diadematoida includes what organism(s)?
Hollow spined urchins
74
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echnioidea, Subclass Euechinoida, Order Echinacea includes what organism(s)?
Regular urchins
75
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echnioidea, Subclass Euechinoida, Order Clypeasteroida includes what organism(s)?
1. Sea buscuits | 2. Sand dollars
76
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echnioidea, Subclass Euechinoida, Order Spatangoida includes what organism(s)?
Heart urchins
77
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Holothuroidea: Species
1,200
78
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Holothuroidea: Feeding
1. Filter | 2. Deposit
79
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Holothuroidea: Morphology
1. Soft, elongated body 2. Bilateral symmetry 3. Introvert with 10-30 tentacles 4. Calcareous ossicles diffuse and unfused 5. Tube feet along ambulacral grooves 6. Internal respiratory tree
80
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Holothuroidea: Larva
Auricularia
81
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Holothuroidea possesses what two axes of symmetry?
1. Aboral-oral | 2. Dorsal-ventral
82
A single family within Phylum Echinodermata, Class Holothuroidea possess Cuiverian tubules. What are these?
Ejectable regrowable tubules that may contain holothurian
83
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Crinoidea: Species
650
84
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Crinoidea: Feeding
Filter
85
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Crinoidea: Movement
Sessile
86
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Crinoidea: Morphology
1. Stalk or cirri anchor calyx 2. Calcareous ossicles semi-fused 3. Tube feet along ambulacral grooves 4. Mouth and anus both on oral (up) side
87
Calyx
The central disk of crinoids
88
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Crinoidea: Larva
Vitellaria
89
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Crinoidea viterllial larva are (1)___ and lack a (2)___ and (3)___.
1. lecithotrophic 2. mouth 3. anus
90
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Crinoidea, Order Blastoidea: Age
400-250 MYO
91
Phylum Echinodermata, Class Crinoidea, Order Blastoidea was wiped out in the ___-___ extinction
Permo-Triassic
92
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta includes what organism(s)?
Acorn worms
93
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Pterobranchia includes what organism(s)?
Pterobranchs or "sea angels"
94
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta: Size
Large
95
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta: Lifestyle
Solitary
96
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta: Movement
Mobile
97
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Pterobranchia: Size
Small
98
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta: Lifestyle
Colonial
99
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta: Movement
Sessile
100
Phylum Hemichordata: Species
90
101
Phylum Hemichordata: Feeding
1. Suspension | 2. Deposit
102
Phylum Hemichordata: Habitat
Marine
103
Phylum Hemichordata: Morphology
1. Hydrostatic skeleton 2. Open circulation with a heart-kidney 3. Stomochord 4. Dorsal and ventral nerve cords 5. Perforated pharynx (gills)
104
Stomochord
Diverticulum of the foregut
105
Phylum Hemichordata: Development
Indirect
106
Phylum Hemichordata: Larva
Tornaria
107
Phylum Hemichordata: Cleavage pattern
Radial
108
Phylum Hemichordata: Body cavity
Coelom
109
Phylum Hemichordata: Mouth formation
Second
110
Phylum Hemichordata: Coelom formation
Enterocoely (or other)
111
Phylum Hemichordata: Skeleton
Hydrostatic
112
Phylum Hemichordata: Respiration
Pharyngeal gills
113
Phylum Hemichordata: Excretory
Heart-kidney
114
Phylum Hemichordata: Asexual reproduction
Budding
115
Phylum Hemichordata: Sexual reproduction
Dioecious
116
Phylum Hemichordata: Lifestyle
1. Solitary | 2. Colonial
117
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta: Species
70
118
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta: Lifestyle
Solitary in u-shaped burrows
119
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta: Feeding
Deposit
120
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta acquires it's food how?
1. Secretes mucus 2. Proboscis captures particles 3. Mucus moved to mouth by cilia on proboscis
121
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta's proboscis serves what two functions?
1. Feeding | 2. Burrowing
122
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta possesses a (1)___ body plan with a (2)___, (3)___, and (4)___.
1. Trimeric Body 2. Protostome 3. Mesosome 4. Metsome
123
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta's protosome contains what?
1. Anterior pre-oral region | 2. Protocoel
124
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta's mesosome contains what?
1. Mouth-bearing region | 2. Mesocoel
125
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta's metasome contains what?
1. Gut and gonad region | 2. Metacoel
126
Heart-kidney
Metanephridial excretory system
127
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta's heart-kideny is located where?
In the protocoel
128
Glomerulus
The folded hear wall of the heart kideny
129
Podocytes
Ultrafiltration within the glomerulus
130
What role do podocytes serve in excretion?
1. Retain hemocytes | 2. Pass waste molecules into coelom
131
Hemocytes
Large cells retained by podocytes within the glomerulus during excretion.
132
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta: Pharyngeal gills
1. Water enters mouth and exits by gill slits | 2. Countercurrent gas exchange with adjacent blood vessels as water exits the gills
133
Tornaria
Specialized dipleurula larva with ciliary bands for feeding on plankton
134
Planktotrophic
Feeding on plankton
135
Phylum Hemichordata, Class Pterobranchia includes what organism(s)?
Pterobranchs

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