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Physical and Cognitive Development of Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Perspective of adolescence

A

Flood of biological processes leads to adult body and sexual maturity in puberty

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2
Q

Storm and Stress

A

Created by G Stanley Hall- Biological perspective comparing adolescence to the extremely turbulent time where human savages became civilized

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3
Q

Margaret Mead

A

Margaret Mead described social and cultural influence on how kids experience adolescence

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4
Q

Social Perspective of adolescence

A

Social environment is responsible for range in teenage experience

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5
Q

Balanced View of Adolescence

A

Biological, psychological and social influences

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6
Q

When do hormonal changes begin?

A

8-9

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7
Q

What hormones contribute to gains in body size and sexual maturity?

A

Growth hormone and thyroxine

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones in puberty?

A

Estrogens

Androgens

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9
Q

Adrenal Androgens

A

Released by adrenal glands in girls and contribute to height spurt and body hair growth

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10
Q

Testoreone

A

Androgen released by boys testes

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11
Q

When is the growth spurt for girls and boys?

A

Boys- 12.5- 17.5

Girls- 10- 16

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12
Q

What changes in proportions are experienced in puberty?

A

Boys- shoulders broaden and legs become longer

Girls- hips broaden

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13
Q

Primary Sexual Characteristics

A

Maturation of reproductive organs

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14
Q

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

A

Visible changes on the outside of the body

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15
Q

Menarche

A

First menstruation

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16
Q

When does menstruation usually occur?

A

10.5- 15.5

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17
Q

Spermarche

A

First ejaculation

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18
Q

When does spermarche usually occur?

A

13.5

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19
Q

5 factors contributing to individual differences in puberty

A 
Heredity
Nutrition/ exercise
SES
Early family experience
Secular trend
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20
Q

Prefrontal cognitive control

A

Teens can’t do tasks involving inhibition, planning or future orientation

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21
Q

What is the effect of excitatory neurotransmitters during adolescence?

A

Neurons are more responsive so teens react more strongly to stress and experience more pleasure

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22
Q

Girls reaction to pubertal changes?

A

Surprise and mixed feeling. Advanced knowledge helps

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23
Q

Boys reaction to pubertal changes?

A

Mixed feelings. Recieve less peer support so advanced knowledge is important

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24
Q

Psychological Distancing

A

We are evolutionarily prepared to leave our parents during puberty but teens in our time can’t leave home so they become moody

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25
Early maturing girls
Unpopular, low self esteem, negative body image and more deviant behaviour
26
Early maturing boys
Popular, positive body images, leaders but display more deviant behaviour
27
Late maturing girls
Popular leaders with positive body image
28
Late maturing boys
Unpopular, anxiety, less positive body image
29
2 factors effecting reactions to pubertal timing
How closely body matches cultural ideals of physical atractiveness How they fit in physically amongst their peers
30
What are 3 consequences of lack of sleep?
Reduced achievement Depression and anxiety High risk behaviours
31
What parenting style contributes to anorexia?
Controlling
32
3 contributions to anorexia?
Heredity Neurotransmitter abnormalities for impulse and anxiety Parenting style
33
What type of person is most likely effected by bullimia?
Impulsive young people who lack self control
34
What parenting style contributes to bulimia?
Disengaged, emotionally absent
35
Personal characteristics of sexually active?
Early pubertal timing Impulsivity Weak sense of personal control
36
Family characteristics of sexually active?
Broken or large family Lack of religion Lack of parental monitoring
37
Peer characteristics of sexually active?
Sexually active friends and older siblings | Alcohol/ drug use
38
What percentage of teens do not use contraception regularly?
20%
39
Possible causes of homosexuality
X- linked heredity Prenatal Sex hormones Birth order
40
3 stages of coming out
``` Feeling different (6-12) Confusion (11-15) Self acceptance (End of adolescence) ```
41
When and where are STI rates the highest?
USA during adolescence
42
How many sexually active teens have an STI?
1/5 - 1/6
43
How long does it take for AIDS symptoms to appear?
8- 10 years
44
How many teen pregnancies were reported last year?
727,000
45
How many teen pregancies were younger than 15?
12,000
46
How many teen pregnancies end in abortion?
1/4
47
What percentage of births to unwed mothers are adolescents?
87%
48
What are the 3 factors contributing to an increase in teen pregnancy?
Effective sex ed reaches too few teens Low cost contraceptive services are scarce Many families live in poverty causing teens to take more risks
49
By grade 10 what percentage of kids have tried cigarettes, alcohol and illegal drugs
33% 58% 37%
50
What percentage of kids smoke regularly by the end of hiughschool
11%
51
What percentage of kids report heavy drinking by the end of highschool
27%
52
What percentage of kids have used highly addictive drugs by the end of highschool
25%
53
Experimenters
Psychologically healthy, sociable, sensation seeking
54
Abusers
Family mental/ substance problems. low SES, impulsive and hostile
55
Piaget's Formal Operational Stage
Develop capacity for abstract, systematic, scientific thinking
56
Hypothetico Deductive reasoning
Problem solving based on hypothesis, deducing logical, testable inferences
57
Propositional Thought
Evaluating logic of verbal propositions without using real life circumstances
58
When do kids show the beginnings of formal operational thought
School age
59
What 3 factors contribute to formal operational thought
Schooling Training Conxtext
60
8 gains in executive function
``` Attention Inhibition Strategies Knowledge Metacognition Cognitive self regulation Speed of thinking Processing capacity ```
61
Scientific Reasoning
Coordinating theories with evidence
62
4 contributing factors to scientific reasoning
Working memory capacity Exposure to complex problems Metacognitive understanding Open mindedness
63
3 consequences of cognitive change
Self conscious and self focusing Idealism and criticism Decision making
64
2 distorted realities that make teens self councious
Imaginary audience | Personal fable
65
Imaginary Audience
Belief they are the focus of everyone's attention and concern
66
Personal fable
Certain that other's are observing and thinking about them, teens develop an inflated opinion of their own importance
67
Idealism
Teens imagine an ideal world and wish to explore it
68
Criticism
When teen's lives fall short of their ideals, they become hyper- critical
69
Decision making
Influenced by immediate reward
70
What 2 factors cause grades to decline during school transitions
Higher academic standards | Less supportive learning environments
71
Multiple Problem youth
Have academic and mental health problems. Greatest academic decline
72
5 ways to help school adjustment
``` Parent involvement Close friendships Smaller units within school Same ethnicity peers Home room teacher relationships ```
73
3 factors for academic achievement
Child rearing style Peer influence Classroom experience
74
Which parenting style supports academic achievement
Authoritative
75
Who has the highest drip out rates
Boys and low SES minorities
76
5 ways to prevent dropout
``` Remedial instruction Personalized counselling High quality vocational training Address personal factors of dropout Extracurricular participation ```

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