Physical and Cognitive Development of Middle Childhood Flashcards
1
Q
4 features of middle childhood body growth
A
Slow regular pace
Bone lengthens
Muscles flexible
Permanent teeth appear
2
Q
What part of the body grows fastest during middle childhood?
A
Lower body
3
Q
Girls are shorter and lighter until what age?
A
9
4
Q
3 Health issues in middle childhood
A
Malnutrition
Obesity
Illness
5
Q
Obesity
A
Greater than 20% increase over healthy weight based on BMI
6
Q
3 physical symptoms of obesity
A
High blood pressure and cholesterol
Respiratory Problems
Insulin resistance
7
Q
5 Lifelong problems arising from obesity
A
Heart disease Diabetes Gallbladder disease Cancer Early death
8
Q
6 Causes of obesity
A
Overweight parents Low SES Parental feeding Insufficient sleep Low physical activity Eating out
9
Q
3 components of a family based obesity intervention?
A
Diet
Exercise
Positive reinforcement
10
Q
When are illness rates for children the highest?
A
During the first two years of elementary school
11
Q
What percentage of children have a chronic illness?
A
15%
12
Q
What is the most common childhood chronic illness?
A
Asthma
13
Q
What amount of childhood chronic conditions are accounted for by asthma?
A
1/3
14
Q
Asthma
A
Bronchial tubes are highly sensitive to stimuli
15
Q
5 Risk factors of astma
A
Heredity Pollution Stress Poor healthcare Obesity
16
Q
5 improvements in gross motor skills
A
Flexibility Balance Agility Force Reaction time
17
Q
2 improvements in fine motor activity
A
Drawing
Writing
18
Q
What 3 social factors contribute to sex differences in motor development?
A
Parental expectations
Self- perceptions
Coaching and media
19
Q
What skill promotes popularity in games with rules?
A
Perspective taking
20
Q
Rough and Tumble play
A
Friendly chasing and play fighting
21
Q
When does rough and tumble play occur?
A
Begins in preschool and peaks in middle childhood
22
Q
Concrete Operational Stage
A
7-11 years. Thought is more flexible, logical and organized
23
Q
Conservation
A
Passing conseration tasks shows development of operations
24
Q
2 constructs of conservation?
A
Decentration
Reversability
25
Decentration
Focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them
26
Reversibility
Think through a series of steps and mentally reverse the direction
27
Classification
Between 7 and 10, kids pass the Class Inclusion Problem showing they are more aware of classification hierarchies
28
Seriation
Ability to order items along a quantitative dimension
29
When does seriation appear?
6-7
30
Transitive Inference
Ability to seriate mentally
31
When does transitive inference appear?
7
32
Cognitive Map
Mental representations of familiar large scale spaces
33
Spatial reasoning in pre school
Include landmark on maps and location of objects
34
Spatial reasoning for 8-10 year olds
Landmarks along organized route of travel
35
Spatial reasoning at end of middle childhood
Overall view of large scale space and mastery of scale
36
Limitations of Concrete Operational Thought
Children can only think logically when dealing with concrete info, they struggle with abstract ideas
37
Continuum of acquisition
Children master concrete operational tasks gradually
38
Neo- Piagetian Theorists
Operational thinking is gains in information processing rather than shift tot a new stage
39
3 improvements in attention
Selective
Adaptable
Planful
40
Order of acquired memory strategies
Rehearsal
Organization
Elaboration
41
When does rehearsal appear?
Early grade school
42
When does organization appear?
Early grade school
43
When does elaboration occur?
End of middle childhood
44
Organization
Grouping related items together
45
Elaboration
Creating relationships between pieces of info that should not occur in the same category
46
ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
47
3 Symptoms of ADHD
Inattention
Impulsivity
Excessive motor activity
48
In what percentage of children with ADHD are stimulant medication effective?
70%
49
What is the difference in memory strategies between Western and non- Western nations?
Western use memory strategies while other nations use everyday cues.
50
What are 2 contributing skills to the Theory of Mind?
Mental inference
| False belief knowledge
51
Cognitive Self- regulation
Continuously monitoring progress towards a goal, checking outcomes and redirecting unsuccessful efforts
52
3 Strategies in improving cognitive self- regulation
Point out important features of tasks
Suggest effective learning strategies
Emphasize monitoring of progress
53
3 constructs of reading skill
Phonological awareness
Processing speed
Visual discrimination
54
Whole language approach
Children should be exposed to complete text from the beginning to teach communicative function of written language
55
Phonics Approach
Children should first be coached on phonics before complex reading material
56
What approaches should be combined to best teach kids math?
Drill
| Number Sense
57
Stanford - Binet Intelligence Scale
Age 2+. 5 intellectual factors tested with verbal and non verbal methods as well as general intelligence
58
Wechsler Scale of Intelligence
6-16. General intelligence and 4 broad factors.
59
What is significant about the Wechsler scale?
It downplays culturally dependant knowledge
60
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Intelligent behaviour is balancing 3 intelligences according to personal goals and expectations of the community
61
3 intelligences of Sternberg's theory
Analytical
Creative
Practical
62
Analytical Intelligence
Information processing components that underlie all intelligent acts
63
3 constructs of analytical intelligence
Apply strategies
Acquire metacognition knowledge
Self- regulation
64
Creative intelligence
Make processing skills automatic to free working memory for complex thinking to solve novel problems
65
Practical Intelligence
Goal oriented activity aimed at adapting to, shaping and selecting environments that meet personla goals and the demands of the everyday world
66
Gardners Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence in terms of processing operations to perform culturally valued activities
67
Which inteligence test dismisses the notion of general intelligence?
Gardners theory of multiple intelligence
68
8 Gardner's multiple intelligences
```
Linguistic
Logico- mathematical
Musical
Spatial
Bodily- kinesthetic
Naturalist
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
```
69
Secular Trend
Generational rise in average IQ
70
Cultural test bias
Testing skills that kids don not have equal opportunity to learn
71
4 cultural influences on IQ test results
Test bias
Communication Styles
Knowledge
Stereotype threats
72
What are the 2 communication styles?
Hierarchial and collaborative
73
Stereotype Threat
Fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype
74
White parent communication style
Knowledge training questions
| Hierarchial communication
75
Minority parent communication style
Analogy or story starter questions foster verbal skills
| Collaborative communication
76
How to reduce cultural test bias?
Combine test scores with an assessment of adaptive behaviour
77
Dynamic Asessment
Adult introduces purposeful teaching into testing to see what child can attain with support
78
How much does vocabulary improve during middle childhood?
Fourfold
79
What gains in grammar occur in middle childhood?
Passive voice
| Infinitive phrases
80
What gains in pragmatics occur in middle childhood?
Adjusting speech to people and situations
| Phrase requests to get what they want
81
What percentage of kids are in french immersion?
7%
82
6 factors of high quality elementary education
```
Class size
Physical setting
Curiculum
Teacher/ child interaction
Progress evaluations
Relationship with family
```
83
What is the optimum class size?
No more than 18
84
Traditional Classroom
Teacher is sole authority and kids are passive listeners
85
Constructivist classroom
Encourage students to construct their own knowledge
86
What educational philosophy is grounded in Piaget's theory?
Constructivist
87
What are the 4 factors of a social constructivist classroom?
Teachers and kids are partners in learning
Many types of symbolic communication
Adapt teaching to kids zone of proximal development
Cooperative learning among students
88
What 2 teacher behaviours impede achievement?`
Repetitive drill
| Bias for well behaved students
89
Education self- fulfilling prophecies
Children live up to teacher's views of them
90
Inclusive Classrooms
Special needs kids learn alongside typical students to prepare them to participate in society
91
Mild mental retardation
IQ between 55 and 70
92
Learning Disability
Great difficulty in one or more aspect of learning, usually reading
93
What percentage of children have a learning disability?
5-10%
94
What causes learning disabilities?
Deficits in brain functioning
95
What is the best learning environment for children with learning disabilities?
Least restrictive environment- Combination of inclusive classroom and resource room
96
Creativity
Ability to produce original, appropriate work that is useful in some way
97
Divergent Thinking
Generating multiple, unusual possibilities for a problem
98
Convergent Thinking
Generating correct answer
99
What type of thinking is emphasized on intelligence tests?
Convergent
100
Gifted
Exceptional intellectual strengths
101
Talented
Outstanding in a specific field
102
USA education
Less challenging teaching, emphasis on absorbing facts
103
Finland education
Nationally mandated curricula, teaching practices and assessments foster problem solving, initiative and creativity
104
Asian education
Belief that all children can succeed with enough effort
