Physical Geography Glaciers Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
When did the Quaternary Period start?
A
2.6 million years ago
2
Q
When did the Holocene Period start?
A
10,000
3
Q
In Earths history how many Ice Ages have their been?
A
5
4
Q
During the Pleistocene Epoch how many glacial cycles were there?
A
50
5
Q
What was the last Glacial advance called?
A
Lock Lomond Stadial
6
Q
What is the layer of Ice on the Earth called?
A
Cryosphere
7
Q
What are the 4 types of cold environment?
A
Polar, Alpine, Glacial and Periglacial
8
Q
At what latitudes are Polar Environments found?
A
90 degrees N/S of the Equator
9
Q
What is the temperaure in Polar Environments?
A
“-50 degrees C
10
Q
What is the precipitation rate in Polar Environments?
A
250mm
11
Q
What is an example of a Polar Environment?
A
Greenland
12
Q
Where are Alpine Environments found?
A
At high latitudes
13
Q
What are the average temperatures in Alpine Environments?
A
Summer - 20 degrees C Winter - 10 degrees C
14
Q
What is an example of a Alpine Environment?
A
The Alps in France
15
Q
What is the temperaure in Glacial Environments?
A
“-20 degrees C
16
Q
What is an example of a Glacial Environment?
A
Russia
17
Q
What is an example of a Periglacial Environment?
A
Cananda
18
Q
What % of the Earth does Ice cover?
A
10%
19
Q
How long does the Milancovic Cycle effect the climate for?
A
Thousands of Years
20
Q
How long do Sun Spots effect the climate for?
A
Hundreds of Years
21
Q
How long do Volcanoes and Asteriods effect the climate for?
A
10 Years
22
Q
How many countries are Glaciers located on?
A
47
23
Q
Give an example of a Cold Based Glacier?
A
Antartica
24
Q
How fast do Cold Based Glaciers move?
A
2-3m per day
25
Give an example of a Warm Based Glacier?
The Alps
26
How fast do Warm Based Glaciers move?
20 - 30m per day
27
Give examples of inputs of a Glacier?
Precipitation, Avalanches
28
Give examples of stores in a Glacier?
Fresh water, Sediment
29
Give examples of outputs of a Glacier?
Melt Water, Evaporation, Calving, Sublimation
30
What % of the Earths surfacce is Periglacial?
25%
31
How deep can permafrost be?
1500m
32
When permafrost freezes, by what % does it expand by?
9-10%
33
By 2100 what % of Glaciers will be lost?
67%
34
What is a Corrie/Cwm?
An armchaired shaped depression in a mountainside- usually north facing
35
Give an example of a Corrie/Cwm?
Blae Water in the Lake District
36
What is an Arete?
A narrow, knife - edged ridge between two Corries
37
Give an example of an Arete?
Striding Edge in the Lake District which is 950m high
38
What is an Outwash Plain?
A flat expance of Fluvioglacial debray infrount of the glacier snout
39
Give an example of an Outwash Plain?
Melville Peninsular in Canada
40
What is an Esker?
A long, narrow sinous ridge of sand and gravel
41
Give an example of an Esker?
Sims Corner Eskers and Kames National Natural Landscape
42
What are the dimentions of Eskers?
30m high, and 100 - 500km long
43
What is a Meltwater Channel?
A narrow channel cut into bedrock or depostits either undernieth or along the frount of an Ice Margin
44
Give an example of a Meltwater channel and its dimentions?
Newtondale in Yorkshire and it is 40m wide and 80m deep
45
What is a Kettle Hole?
A circular depression often which is usually formed in a lake in a Outwash Plain
46
Give an example of a Kettle Hole?
Bareless Pond in Northlumbuland which is 0.11 long and 0.07 miles wide
47
What is a Kame?
A mound of sand and gravel deposited on the valey floor near to the glacier
48
What is a Kame Terrace?
A flat linear deposit of sand and gravel along the valley sides
49
Give an example of where Kame Terrace's can be found?
Sims Corner Eskers and Kames National Natural Landscape
50
What is a Truncated Spur?
A steep rocky valley side where spurs of a river valley used to interlock before glaciation
51
What is Knock and Lochan?
A lowland area with alternating small rock hills, and hollows, often containg small lakes
52
Give an example of where Knock and Lochan can be found?
North West Highlands in the Outer Hebredies
53
What is a Pyramidal Peak?
A pointed mountain peak with three or more Corries
54
Give an example of a Pyramidal Peak?
The Matterhorn, which is 4478m high
55
Give 5 uses of the Cairngorms?
Hill Walking, Hunting, Forestry, Farming, Tourism
56
What is the latitude of the Cairngorms?
57.4? N
57
When was the Cairngorms National Park created?
2003
58
How big is the Cairngorms National Park?
1,748 square miles
59
What % of the Caingorms National Park is "wild land"?
47%
60
What % of the Caingorms National Park is protected by European Laws?
49%
61
How many people live and work in the Cairngorms?
18,000
62
What is the latitude of the Yamel Peninsula?
70?N
63
How deep is the permafrost on the Yamel Peninsula?
300m
64
What is the population of the Nenets on the Yamel Peninsula?
410,000
65
How far can the Nenets migrations be?
1000km each way
66
How many Reindeer are on the Yamel Penisula?
20,000
67
On the Yamel Peninsula how long is the Railway which has been built?
572m
68
What is the population of Caribou in Greenland in 1993, compared to in 2001?
1993 = 7000 - 9000 2001 = 140,000
69
What are the threats to glaciers in Greenland?
Soil Erosion, Trampling and Landslides
70
What is the population of Greenland?
56,000
71
What is the Active layer?
The top layer of siol in permafrost environmentss that thaws during summer, but freezes in the winter
72
What is Talik?
This is an area of unfrozen soil or rock
73
What are the 3 types of Permafrost?
Continious, Discontinious and Sporadic
74
When was the Kyoto Protocol introduced?
16th February 2005
75
What does the Kyoto Protocol do?
They want to reduce greenhouse gasses as well as removing Hydroflorocarbons to reduce deplation of the Ozone
76
When was the Antarctic Treaty signed?
1st December 1959
77
What does the Antartic Treaty do?
It believes that Antartica shall be used for a peaceful purposeas well as freedom from scientific investigation
78
How many countries are part of the Antarctic Treaty?
52
79
When was the Paris Agreement signed?
22nd April 2016
80
What does the Paris Agreement do?
Reduces greenhouse gasses and emmitions
81
How many countries signed the Paris Agreement?
142
82
How much did the Paris Agreement give the US for Climate Risk Insurance?
$420 million
83
How deep is Continuous Permafrost?
400m
84
How deep is Sporadic Permafrost?
10m
85
What is Accumalation?
This is the precipitation and growth of snow on the mountain
86
What is the Pressure Melting Point?
Due to the weight of the ice, the melting point decreases
87
What is Abrasion?
Angluar rocks that may be picked up by the glacier then cause striations
88
What is Rock Crushing?
When rocks are fractured due to the weight of the ice above it
89
What is an Extensional Flow?
When the ice flows over a steep gradient causing it to spead out and flow thinner
90
What is a Compressional Flow?
When the ice flows over a gental gradient causing it to clump together
91
What is Creep?
When the meltwater causes the glacier to flow around an obsticle like plastic
92
What is a surge?
When exessive meltwater builds up underneith the glacier, triggering a surge of movement
93
How fast do surges travel?
Up to 300m per day
94
What is the Zone of Accumulation?
Where the addition of snow from precipitation and avalanches exceeds the outputs
95
What is the Zone of Ablation?
Where the glacier melts, evaporates, sublimates or calves, meaning that the outputs exceeds the inputs
96
What is Internal Deformation?
When ice crystals orientate themselves in the direction of ice flow, allowing them so slide past each other
97
What is an Ice Shelf?
These are Ice Sheets which extend out into the sea
98
Give an example of an Ice Shelf?
Larsen Ice Shelf in Antartica
99
What is a Niche Glacier?
Patches of ice in gullies on North facing mountain slopes
100
What is a Piedmont Glacier?
When steep valley glaciers spill into flat plains where they spread into fan shapes
