Physical geography Tectonic Plates Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
How thick are continental plates?
A
30-50km thick
2
Q
How thick are oceanic plates?
A
6-8km thick
3
Q
What is the temperature of the inner core?
A
5000 C
4
Q
How old is earth?
A
4.6 billion years old
5
Q
How fast do tectonic plates move?
A
2-5cm a year
6
Q
What generates the heat in the core?
A
Radioactive decay
7
Q
How many main tectonic plates are there?
A
15
8
Q
Name the currents in the mantle
A
Convection currents
9
Q
Which plate margin creates fold mountains?
A
Collision
10
Q
Which plate margin forms shield volcanoes?
A
Constructive
11
Q
Which plate margin forms composite cones?
A
Destructive
12
Q
Which plate margin causes most earthquakes?
A
Conservative
13
Q
Which volcano has andesite lava?
A
Composite cone
14
Q
Which volcano has basalt lava?
A
Shield
15
Q
Which scale measures the magnitude of earthquakes?
A
Richter (1-10)
16
Q
Which scale measures the damage caused?
A
Mercalli (1-12)
17
Q
When was the MEDC L’Aquilla earthquake?
A
April 2009
18
Q
How many US $ damage was caused?
A
$16 billion
19
Q
How many deaths were there?
A
290
20
Q
When was the LEDC Haiti earthquake?
A
Jan 2010
21
Q
How many died?
A
220, 000
22
Q
When did Eyjafjallajokull erupt? (Iceland MEDC)
A
April 2010
23
Q
How many people were evacuated?
A
800
24
Q
How many people died?
A
0
25
When did Niyrogongo erupt?
Jan 2002
26
How many people died?
65
27
How many villages were destroyed?
14
28
When was the Japan Tsunami?
Mar-11
29
How many deaths were there?
15, 854
30
What did it measure on the Richter scale?
7.2
31
Name the 4 natural theories for Climate change
Asteroid theory, Milankovic cycle, Sun spot theory, Eruption theory
32
What does burning fossil fuels create? Give two examples.
GHG’s (such as co2 and methane)
33
How long would the climate change for if Earth was in a Milankovic cycle?
Thousands of years
34
How long would the climate change for if there was a high concentration of sun spots?
Hundreds of years
35
How long would climate change for if an asteroid collided with earth?
10-20 years
36
How long would climate change for if a major volcano erupted?
10 years
37
How many times was the Thames barrier raised between 1984 and 1990
4 times
38
How many times was the Thames barrier raised between 1991 and 2000
35 times
39
What year did Britain drought
2003
40
How hot did the temperatures get?
38 degrees
41
What year did Britain flood
2007
42
How heavy are Megafauna?
Over 40kg
43
Give 3 examples of Megafauna
Woolly mammoth , Giant Elk, Sabre tooth tiger
44
When did they become extinct?
10,000 years ago
45
How much did the climate warm up by
6 degrees
46
When was the little ice age?
1400 – 1800 AD
47
When was the medieval warm period?
1000-1400 AD
48
What percentage of farmers died in the little ice age?
10-20%
49
In the 1998 floods in Bangladesh how much damage was caused?
$1 billion
50
How many people were made homeless?
700,000
51
Name two goods
Timber, gold
52
Name two services
Regulates the atmosphere, Regulates soil health, Regulates the hydrological cycle
53
How many metres does it take for a temperature change of 1 degree
100m
54
Name a permeable rock
Limestone
55
Name an impermeable rock
Granite
56
Between which latitudes are the tropical rainforests found?
0-15 degrees N/S of the equator
57
What is the annual precipitation rate in the UK
800mm
58
What is the annual precipitation rate in the Amazon?
2250mm
59
Name three top down ways pf protecting biomes
National Parks, CITES, RAMSAR
60
Name thee bottom up ways of protecting biomes
Ecotourism, World wildlife fund, Afforestation
61
How much is Brazil’s population expected to rise by in the next 40 years?
25%
62
How much is lost per second?
1 acre (2 US football fields)
63
What is the Latitude of London?
53 degrees north
64
What percent of England’s forests were left by 1919?
5%
65
How old are some of the trees in Windsor forest?
500
66
What is a stakeholder?
Someone who uses a biome for their own use, fishing etc.
67
How big is Winsor forest?
3,100 hectares
68
How many oak and beech trees does Windsor forest have?
900
69
What is the difference between a coniferous tree and a deciduous tree?
Coniferous tree- does not shed its leaves. Deciduous tree- sheds its leaves
70
At which latitude are desert biomes found?
15-30 degrees N/S of the equator
71
Is there a high or low concentration or moisture in the air in desert regions
Low
72
How much is population predicted to rise by in Brazil?
25% in the next 40 years
73
Give 1 example of a tundra region
Artic
74
Define an ecosystem
A community of plants and animals that interact with each other and their physical environment
75
Define a biome
A large ecosystem, which makes up the biosphere
76
Name two forms of precipitation
Snow, hail, sleet, rain
77
What is evaporation?
When water changes state from a liquid to a gas as a result of heat
78
Name a permeable rock
Limestone, sandstone
79
Name an impermeable rock
Granite, marble
80
What is the difference between infiltration and percolation
Infiltration- movement of water through the soil, Percolation- movement of water through permeable rock
81
What are three features of top down development
Expensive, doesn’t involve local opinion and large scale
82
When was the three gorges dam constructed?
2003-2012
83
How much did it cost?
$22.5 billion
84
How many people were displaced?
1.3 million
85
How many cities were flooded?
13
86
Why was it built?
To boost tourism, To create HEP, Prevent flooding
87
Which river was it built across?
Yangtze
88
How long has there been no significant rainfall for in Bourke, New South Wales, Australia?
6 years
89
What are three impacts of this drought?
Loss of crop yields, Loss of farmers businesses and money, Desertification of soil
90
What are three impacts of drought in the Sahel?
Deaths, malnutrition/starvation, Desertification
91
Where is the Sahel?
A band of countries across northern Africa including Chad
92
How much is a play pump?
$14,000
93
How much is a life straw?
$25
94
What is an intermediate technology?
A small scale, cheap solution which involves local opinion and normally education
95
What are the three ways in which water quality is impacted by human activity?
Sewage disposal, Industrial pollution, Plastic bags, Intensive agriculture
96
What are the thee ways water supply can be impacted by human activity?
Deforestation, Over abstraction, Reservoir construction
97
What is the average precipitation amount in the UK?
800mm per annum
98
How long is the growing season in the Sahel?
1-2 months
99
How many people rely on agriculture in the Sahel?
02-Mar
100
What is a subsistence farmer?
A farmer who farms to create food for themselves – not for profit
101
Define the coast
The transitional zone between the land and the sea
102
Name two resistant rocks
Granite and dolerite
103
Name two less resistant rocks
Sandstone and limestone
104
What is a concordant coast?
Where bands of rock run parallel to the coastline and the cliffs erode at a similar rate
105
What is a discordant coast?
Where bands of rock run adjacent to the coastline and erode at different rates creating headlands and bays
106
Name an example of a concordant coast
The white cliffs of Dover, the UK
107
Name an example of a discordant coast
Swanage bay, the UK
108
What is a prevailing wind?
The normal wind direction in a place
109
What force determines the direction of backwash?
Gravity
110
Define the fetch of a wave
The distance over the sea which the wind travels and transfers its energy
111
What is a wave’s amplitude?
Its height
112
What is the difference between a destructive and constructive wave?
Destructive- small swash and a large backwash. Constructive- large swash and a weak backwash
113
What is a sub-aerial process?
When weathering, erosion and mass movement work together to create landforms
114
Name an example of a cave, arch stack and stump
Old Harry rocks, Dorset the UK
115
Name an example of a spit
Spurn Head, Yorkshire
116
What is the difference between hard and soft engineering
Hard- Large, expensive and manmade structures to protect the coastline. Soft- smaller, cheaper and more natural options to protect the coast
117
What are the impacts of cliff retreat?
Loss of land, Loss of income, Loss of property value, Loss of business
118
What is the geology of Holderness?
Boulder clay
119
How fast is it eroding?
1m a month
120
What are the four types of erosion?
Corrasion/abrasion, Attrition, Solution, Hydraulic action
121
What are the 3 types of mass movement?
Slumping, Sliding, Rock fall
122
What are the three types of weathering?
Mechanical, Chemical, Biological
123
What are sea levels expected to rise by by 2100 in the UK?
30-40cm
124
What is a spit?
A depositional landform formed where the coastline changes direction
125
What is a tombolo?
A depositional landform where a spit connects up to an island
126
How much is a sea wall per metre?
£6000 per metre
127
How much does beach replenishment cost per cubic metre?
£12
128
What is long shore drift?
The process of sediment being transported along the coastline in the direction of the prevailing wind
129
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
Weathering- when rocks are broken down but the fragments stay where they fall (in-situ). Erosion- where rocks are broken down but the fragments are taken away by water or wind.
130
What is a wave cut notch?
A wave cut notch is a notch formed in a cliff face as a result of erosional processes and waves.
131
What is the temperature range in a glacial environment?
-20 to -50
132
What is the temperature range in the tundra?
-15 to +20
133
What is the coldest ever temperature recorded in Antarctica?
-89
134
What are the minimum and maximum temperatures for an extreme environment?
Below 6. Above 30
135
What is the temperature and rainfall in a desert environment?
Above 30. Below 250mm per year
136
What is the temperature and rainfall in a rainforest?
Above 30. Above 2000mm per year
137
What is the hottest ever recorded temperature?
58 degrees in Libya, Africa
138
Give three ways an animal is adapted to arid environments?
Kangaroo, Hops- energy efficient, hormonal response to rain triggering mating, obtains water from food
139
What is drought tolerance?
Plants which have deep roots such as grasses up to 50m
140
What is drought avoidance?
When plants such as sedums only germinate after rain
141
What is succulence?
When plants such as cacti absorb and store water
142
Give three ways humans homes can be adapted to cold environments
Housing- triple glazing and slated roofs. Clothing – Gore-Tex and modern clothing. Transport- 4 wheel drives and skidoos
143
Give thee ways aboriginals culture is unique?
They sing their stories, They hunt with traditional tools such as boomerangs, They have sacred sites such as Uluru
144
What are thee ways climate change could impact cold environments?
Melting ice caps, Extinction of animals, Impacts on food chains
145
What are three ways climate change could impact arid environments?
Desertification, Deaths from starvation and dehydration, Species extinction
146
What is the life expectancy of a white Australian compared to an aboriginal?
78 compared to 52
147
Give three threats to aboriginal culture from tourism
Cultural dilution, Exposure to drugs and alcohol, Westernisation
148
How long has Uluru been their sacred site?
43,000 years
149
How many visitors were there in 1961 compared to 2005?
5000, 400,000
150
What is westernisation?
The process of cultures becoming diluted and adopting traits from the western world.
