Physics Flashcards by Janine Marie Macawile

sparking amber in ancient Greece

Thales of Miletus (600 BCE)

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amber rubbed with animal ____ attracts bits of
dust and hairs that create _____ ______,
and if he rubbed the amber for long enough,
he could even get an electric spark to jump.

fur ; static electricity

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first made in China during Qin Dynasty
made from magnetic oxide which is used to
indicate the true north.

Chinese lodestone compass

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he invented the Chinese lodestone compass that was initially used for feng shui before being utilized for navigation.

Shen Kuo (221-206 BCE)

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father of electricity and magnetism
discovered that a heated body lost its
electricity and that moisture prevented the
electrification of all bodies.

William Gilbert (1600)

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William Gilbert published “De Magnete or __________”
which is about Earth being magnetic.

On the Magnet

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William Gilbert developed a _______ , an instrument
consisting of a metal needle and a round
lodestone called terrella.

he also noticed that electrified substances
attracted all other substances
indiscriminately, whereas a magnet only
attracted iron.

versorium

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invented the electroscope, a device for an
object’s amount of static charge.

William Gilbert (1600)

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his experiments distinguish between two
types of electric charge.

Charles François de Cisternay du Fay (1700)

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experiments with lightning and electricity
lead to the concept of positive and negative
charges.

Benjamin Franklin (1747)

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Franklin’s kite experiments - a key attached to the kite string sparked and charged a Leyden jar, thus establishing the link between _____ and ______.

lightning ; electricity

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he invented the lightning rod.

William Franklin (1752)

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William Franklin (1752) discovered there are two kinds of charges,
_____ and ______: objects with like
charges repel one another, and those with
unlike charges attract one another
- documented the _______ of charge, the
theory that an isolated system has a
constant total charge.

positive ; negative

conservation

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Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1785) invented the Coulomb balance or _____ balance which investigated forces between charged objects.

Torsion

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developed Coulomb’s law, the definition of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion.
- force exerted between two small electrified bodies is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of charges and varies
inversely to the square of the distance between those charges

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1785)

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Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1785)
- discovered law of _____ squares
- produced important work on the study of friction

inverse

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discovered galvanic electricity and bioelectricity after observing that FROGS would jump when he touched their exposed leg muscles with a scalpel that had been near a piece of static electrical equipment, which he referred to as “animal electricity”.

Luigi Galvani (1789)

DISagreed with Galavani
discovered that chemicals acting on two
dissimilar metals generate electricity without the benefit of a frog.

Alessandro Volta (1790/1800)

invented the first electric battery, the voltaic pile
first device to provide a steady supply of electricity
proved for the first time that electricity could be generated chemically

Alessandro Volta (1790/1800)

discovered Oersted’s Law, defined as electric current affecting a compass needle and creating magnetic fields.
he was trying to show them that electricity and magnetism are not related but ended up being the first scientist to discover the link between magnetism and electricity

Hans Christian Oersted (1820)

André-Marie Ampère (1820-1826/1821) invented the ____ Needle which is used to detect and measure the magnitude of electrical currents.

found that wires carrying current produce forces on each other
the attraction or repellence of parallel wires depends on whether the current flows in the same direction (attract) or the opposite way
(repel).

Astatic

considered the founder of electromagnetism and laid out the foundations of electrodynamics.
the unit of electrical unit, amp, was named after him.

André-Marie Ampère (1820-1826/1821)

discovered the relationship between voltage, resistance, and current.
the current that flows through most conductors is directly proportional to the voltage applied to it.

Georg Simon Ohm (1827)

Georg Simon Ohm (1827) developed the Ohm’s Law which states the relationship between _____ current and _____ difference.

electric ; potential

- wrote An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism - first person to create a mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism and his theory formed the foundation for the work of other scientists such as James Clerk Maxwell, William Thomson, and others.

George Green (1828)

- invented the dynamo or better known as the electric generator - also made the discoveries of the principles of electrolysis, diamagnetism, and electromagnetic induction.

Michael Faraday (1831)

Michael Faraday (1831) demonstrated for the first time the conversion of _____ energy into ______ energy through electromagnetic induction.

mechanical ; electrical

- while building electromagnets, he discovered the electromagnetic phenomenon of self-inductance. - he also discovered mutual inductance, independently of Michael Faraday, but Faraday was the first to publish his results.

Joseph Henry (1831)

Karl Friedrich Gauss (1833) the unit of magnetic field strength, gauss, was named after him. He measured the strength of Earth's magnetic fields and built the first electromechanical ______.

telegraph

- father of electromagnetism - developed the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, which was the first theory to describe electricity, magnetism and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. (1864) - recognized that electromagnetism's processes could be established using mathematics.

James Clerk Maxwell (1873)

James Clerk Maxwell (1873) predicts the connections of magnetism and electricity leading directly to the prediction of ________ _____.

electromagnetic waves

- published "Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism" in 1873 in which he summarizes and synthesizes the discoveries of Coulomb, Oersted, Ampere, Faraday into four mathematical equations.

James Clerk Maxwell (1873)

- published his work in a book, "Electric Waves: Being Researches on the Propagation of Electric Action With Finite Velocity Through Space."

Heinrich Hertz (1885/1887)

- discovered radio waves, which was widely seen as confirmation of James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory and paved the way for numerous advances in communication technology. - the discovery of electromagnetic waves led to the development to the radio. - the unit of frequency of the waves measured in cycles per second was named the "hertz" in his honor.

Heinrich Hertz (1885/1887)

- applications of electromagnetism in technology - pioneering work lead to development of AC electrical systems, Tesla coil, and wireless transmission of electrical power. AC electrical systems: based on electromag induction Tesla coil: generates highvoltage, high-frequency alternating currentelectricity Wireless electricity: Tesla proposed using electromagnetic waves to transmit electrical energy wirelessly over long distances.

Nikola Tesla (1892-1894)

Guglielmo Marconi (1895) put the discovery of electromagnetic waves into practical use by sending messages over long distance using radio signals, also known as the “______”.

wireless

- gained recognition for his groundbreaking efforts in long-range radio transmission and for formulating Marconi's law, in addition to designing a radio telegraph system. - often credited as the inventor of the radio, and he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy.

Guglielmo Marconi (1895)

Albert Einstein (1905) claimed that _____, which are tiny, particle-like units of light, can exist.

photons

- developed the theory of the photoelectric effect, which states that matter emits electrons when it absorbs energy from very short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet or visible light. - his special theory of relativity establishes a relationship between electricity, magnetism, and the speed of light. - Quantum Electrodynamics (QED): Developed in the 20th century, QED describes how light and matter interact through electromagnetism.

Albert Einstein (1905)

- proposed Electroweak theory, unifying electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces.

Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg (1960)

- Tesla’s work on wireless transmission of electrical power laid the ground works for this. - Transformed how we communicate adn interact with electronic devices - Transmit information wirelessly through air without physical cables. - Widespread adoption of Wi-Fi, introduction of bluetooth technology

Wireless Electricity (2005)

Efforts towards ____ _____ _______ aiming to unify electromagnetism with the strong nuclear force String theory and other theoretical frameworks attempt to incorporate all fundamental forces, including electromagnetism, into a single unified theory.

Grand Unified Theory (GUT)