Physics

Question 1

Ultrasound systems used for breast imaging require what types of resolution?

Answer 1

Spatial and Contrast

Question 2

What type of probe has side-by-side piezoelectric crystals, sequencing and electronic phasing, and wide acoustic window?

Answer 2

Linear Array

Question 3

Wide acoustic window in the near field allows better demonstration of what?

Answer 3

Superficial structures without beam divergence

Question 4

What type of resolution does a higher frequency improve?

Answer 4

Axial

Question 5

What is axial resolution?

Answer 5

Ability to differentiate two closely spaced echo interfaces lying in the direction of the sound beam.

Question 6

How do bandwidth and pulse length pertain to each other?

Answer 6

Inversely proportional

Question 7

Broader bandwidths improves?

Answer 7

Spatial and contrast resolution

Question 8

Focusing affects the sound beam how?

Answer 8

thickness and width

Question 9

A narrower beam improves what?

Answer 9

Resolution and intensifies sound energy at the focus.

Question 10

Lateral resolution is best where?

Answer 10

At the focus

Question 11

The ability to resolve two closely spaced interfaces lying side-by-side perpendicular to the sound beam?

Answer 11

Lateral resolution

Question 12

Focusing that occurs along the long axis of the linear array transducer?

Answer 12

Variable electronic focusing

Question 13

A shallow elevation focus of a high frequency, linear array transducer improves?

Answer 13

Near field detail and reduces slice thickness

Question 14

Resolution refers to what?

Answer 14

The size of the smallest object depicted on the ultrasound image given adequate contrast.

Question 15

Spatial resolution is measured in three planes:

Answer 15

Axial, lateral, and elevation

Question 16

Spatial resolution is primarily effected by:

Answer 16

Frequency, focusing, and scan lines

Question 17

Axial resolution improves with what?

Answer 17

Higher frequencies, shorter pulse lengths, and broader bandwidth transducers

Question 18

Ability of ultrasound system to distinguish anatomic structures based on variations in echo brightness?

Answer 18

Contrast resolution

Question 19

What type of resolution helps detect a subtle, isoechoic lesion in a fatty breast?

Answer 19

Contrast resolution

Question 20

What is temporal resolution?

Answer 20

Ability to distinguish moving objects or dynamics over time. (Not typically effected with breast imaging due to depth)

Question 21

Temporal resolution is limited by what?

Answer 21

Frame rate

Question 22

What setting affects the amplitude of the transmit voltage and therefore, the intensity of the transmitted sound beam?

Answer 22

Output power

Question 23

What does not affect the intensity of the sound beam transmitted?

Answer 23

Overall gain

Question 24

The ratio of the smallest to the largest signal strength the system can handle without distortion?

Answer 24

Dynamic range

Question 25

What allows a narrow transmit beam over a greater depth?

Answer 25

Multiple focal zones

Question 26

Dynamic range effects what resolution?

Answer 26

Contrast resolution

Question 27

Number of images displayed per second and affects temporal resolution?

Answer 27

Frame rate

Question 28

How do you alter frame rate?

Answer 28

Focal zone, depth, frame size, compound imaging, or Doppler

Question 29

Multiple transmit foci ____ frame rate. Reduced depth and image size ____ frame rate.

Answer 29

decreases, increases

Question 30

Ultrasound pulses causes the microbubbles to vibrate causing emission of harmonic frequencies for what?

Answer 30

Doppler contrast agents

Question 31

Represents a change in the direction of the sound beam as it passes from one medium to another?

Answer 31

Refraction

Question 32

Occurs at curved edges and with oblique incidence to Coopers ligaments?

Answer 32

Refraction edge shadowing

Question 33

If the speed of sound is slower than soft tissue, post echoes are registered _____ than in reality.

Answer 33

deeper (propagation speed error)

Question 34

If the speed of sound is faster than in soft tissue, reflectors will be placed ____ to the transducer than in reality.

Answer 34

closer (propagation speed error)

Question 35

Color or power Doppler motion artifact produced from tissue vibration from chest when patient hums?

Answer 35

fremitus

Question 36

How is fremitus useful?

Answer 36

Differentiating a true mass from normal tissue. Normal tissue with transmit Doppler artifact.

Question 37

What scan plane is best suited for evaluation of major lactiferous ducts?

Answer 37

radial

Question 38

What thickness should a stand-of pad not exceed for transducers with an elevation focus of <1.5cm?

Answer 38

1cm

Question 39

What does 123 stand for in the 123-ABC annotation method?

Answer 39

Distance of mass from the nipple 1= near nipple/areolar 2= mid distance from the nipple 3= periphery of breast

Question 40

What does ABC stand for in the 123-ABC annotation method?

Answer 40

Depth of lesion in breast A= near skin B= mammary zone C= near chest wall