Physics and Math Chapter 10 & 11: Mathematics and Reasoning about Design and Execution

Question 1

Scientific notation

Answer 1

[significand] x 10^[Exponent]

Question 2

Significand must be:

Answer 2

greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10

Question 3

The exponent in scientific notation must be

Answer 3

an integer

Question 4

Significant figures

Answer 4

include all nonzero digits and any trailing zeroes in a number with a decimal point

Question 5

Sig figs in addition and subtraction

Answer 5

reduce the answer to have the same number of decimal places as the number with the fewest decimal places

Question 6

Sig figs in multiplication and division

Answer 6

reduce the answer to have the same number of sig figs as the number with the fewest number of sig figs

Question 7

Tips for estimating in multiplication and division

Answer 7

In multiplication, if one number is rounded up, the other should be rounded down in proportion.
In division, if one number is rounded up, the other should also be rounded up.

Question 8

Exponents

Answer 8

A notation for repeated multiplication. They may be manipulated mathematically, especially when the bases are the same.

Question 9

Logarithms

Answer 9

the inverse of exponents and are subject to similar mathematical manipulations.

Question 10

Natural logarithms

Answer 10

use base e

Question 11

Direct relationships

Answer 11

as one variable increases, the other increases in proportion

Question 12

Inverse relationships

Answer 12

as one variable increases, the other decreases in proportion

Question 13

Conversions between metric prefixes require:

Answer 13

multiplication by corresponding powers of 10.

Question 14

Scientific method:

Answer 14

a series of 8 steps for the generation of new knowledge

1. generate a testable hypothesis
2. gather data and resources
3. form a hypothesis
4. collect new data
5. analyze the data
6. interpret the data and existing hypothesis
7. publish
8. verify results

Question 15

FINER method

Answer 15

assesses the value of a research question on the basis of whether or not it is feasible, interesting, novel, ethical and relevant.

Question 16

Positive controls

Answer 16

ensure that a change in the depended variable occurs when expected

Question 17

Negative controls

Answer 17

ensure that no change in the dependent variable occurs when none is expected

Question 18

Accuracy (validity)

Answer 18

quality of approximating the true value

Question 19

Precision (reliability)

Answer 19

the quality of being consistent in approximations

Question 20

Cohort studies

Answer 20

record exposures throughout time and then assess the rate of a certain outcome

Question 21

Cross-sectional studies

Answer 21

assess both exposure and outcome at the same point in time.

Question 22

Case-control studies

Answer 22

assess outcome status and then assess for exposure history

Question 23

Hill’s criteria

Answer 23

• temporality
• strength
• dose-response relationship
• consistency
• plausibility
• consideration of alternate explanations
• experiments
• specificity
• coherence

Question 24

Error

Answer 24

bias
confounding
random error

Question 25

Bias

Answer 25

Systematic and results from problem during data collection.

Question 26

Selection bias

Answer 26

The sample differs from the population, is most common in human subjects research

Question 27

Detection bias

Answer 27

arises from educated professionals using their knowledge in an inconsistent way by searching for an outcome disproportionately in certain populations

Question 28

Hawthorne effect

Answer 28

results from changes in behavior - by the subject, experimenter or both - that occur as a result of the knowledge that the subject is being observed.

Question 29

Confounding

Answer 29

an error in data analysis that results from a common connection of both the dependent and independent variable to a third variable

Question 30

Belmont Report

Answer 30

1. Respect for persons - includes autonomy, informed consent and confidentiality
2. Justice - dictates which study questions are worth pursuing and which subjects to use.
3. Beneficence - do the most good with the least harm

Question 31

Populations

Answer 31

all of the individuals who share a set of characteristics - sets parameters

Question 32

samples

Answer 32

subset of a populations that are used to estimate population data

Question 33

Internal validity

Answer 33

refers to the identification of causality in a study between the independent and dependent variables.

Question 34

External validity

Answer 34

refers to the ability of a study to be generalized to the population it describes.

Question 35

Statistical significance

Answer 35

refers to the low likelihood of the experimental findings being due to chance

Question 36

Clinical significance

Answer 36

refers to the usefulness or importance of experimental findings to patient care or patient outcomes.