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Boards: Machines, Physics > Physics Principles > Flashcards

Physics Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

Unit of Matter

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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2
Q

Atomic Number

A

protons in nucleus of atom

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3
Q

Atomic Mass

A

proteins, neurons in nucleus

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4
Q

Isotope

A

Atom of element with unusual # of neutrons in nucleus

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5
Q

Strong, Interatomic Bonds

A
  1. Covalent Bonds: atoms share outer shell of electrons
  2. Ionic Bonds: transfer of electron btw atoms
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6
Q

Weak, Intermolecular Bonds

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds
  2. Van der Waals forces
    –Dipole-dipole - btw polar substances
    –London Dispersion forces - weakest, btw non polar substances
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7
Q

Fluid

A

Substance that deforms continuously under application of a shear (ie tangential) stress

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8
Q

Freezing Pt

A

Liquid –> solid

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9
Q

Boiling Pt

A

Liquid –> gas

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10
Q

Condensation Pt

A

Gas –> liquid

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11
Q

Melting Pt

A

Solid –> liquid

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12
Q

Latent Heat

A

Energy req’d to transform matter from one state to another

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13
Q

Critical Temperature

A

–gases can be liquified by increasing pressure or by cooling
–Temp at which no amt of pressure will liquify gas

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14
Q

Critical Pressure

A

Pressure above which liquid and gas cannot coexist at any temp

VP at critical temperature

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15
Q

Critical Volume

A

Volume occupied by one mole of gas at critical temp, pressure

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16
Q

Triple Point

A

T, P where all three states of substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium

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17
Q

Critical Point

A

Liquid, vapor

Gas, vapor forms of substance coexist with same density and are indistinguishable

R of triple pt

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18
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

Object remains at constant velocity unless acted on by an outside force

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19
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

Force = Mass x Acceleration

Force: SI unit = Newton (kg*m/s^2)

Used for von Frey filaments, other aesthesiometers

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20
Q

von Frey Filaments

A

mechanical sensitivity test

thin plastic filaments applied to plantar surface of hind paw - filaments of different gauges/stiffness used to determine threshold that elects hind paw withdrawl

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21
Q

Velocity

A

Rate of change of position

Magnitude + direction

Vector

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22
Q

Acceleration

A

Rate of change of velocity

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23
Q

Newton’s third law

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Forces must add up

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24
Q

Weight

A

Measure of gravitational force exerted on mass

Weight = mass x acceleration DT gravity

Technically measured in Newton’s

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25
Q

M

A
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26
Q

Mass

A

Amt of matter an object contains

g

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27
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to Do Work

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28
Q

Work

A

Result of a force acting on an object in order to move said object

SI unit = joules (kg*m^2/s^2)

Work = force x distance (defibrillator)

Work = pressure x volume (PV loops)

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29
Q

Power

A

rate of doing work

SI unit = watt –> power expended when one Joule of work consumed in 1 second (J/s0

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30
Q

Efficiency

A

Efficiency = Energy output/energy input *100%

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31
Q

Pressure

A

Force per unit area

P=F/A

Pascal, Pa (N/m^2)

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32
Q

Newtonian Fluid

A

Viscosity unaffected by flow velocity, shear rate

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33
Q

Non Newtonian Fluid

A

Viscosity will change depending on shear rate

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34
Q

Viscosity

A

Fluid’s resistance to flow

Results from frictional forces btw layers

Content of fluid affects viscosity as well eg polycythemia

Temp inversely related

35
Q

Viscosity coefficient (eta)

A

Constant for Newtonian fluids

eta = shear stress, shear rate

36
Q

Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect

A

Decrease in blood viscosity in very small vessels (10-200um) DT erythrocytes lining up in middle of vessel with plasma on periphery

37
Q

LaPlace’s law

A

Cylinder: T=PR
–vessels, conducting airways

Spherical Vessel: T=PR/2
–Alveoli, surfactant

Examples: RBB, LV hypertrophy, DCM

38
Q

RBB and LaPlace’s Law

A

RBB can prevent barotrauma as one source of compliance in the breathing system

39
Q

LVH and LaPlace’s Law

A

Persistent increase in LV overload (aortic stenosis) leads to increase LV pressure, so higher wall stress

Also applies to RVH

40
Q

DCM and LaPlace’s Law

A

LV radius increases, greater wall tension need to develop same LV pressure

41
Q

Air Embolism and LaPlace’s law

A

Pressure DT surface tension on meniscus which has smaller radius of curvature = higher than that acting on meniscus on other side of bubble

42
Q

Laminar Flow

A

Parabolic Flow Pattern
Fastest at center, slowest at periphery

HP law

43
Q

Turbulent Flow

A

Fluid flows unpredictably

Turbulence predicted by Reynold’s #

DENSITY

> 4000 flow turbulent, <2000 laminar, 2000-4000 = transitional with regions of both

44
Q

Bernoulli Principle

A

Increase in flow velocity of ideal fluid accompanied by simultaneous reduction in pressure

pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy equal on both sides

Increase in speed of fluid occurs simultaneously with reduction in static pressure or decrease in potential energy

45
Q

Venturi Mask

A

Illustration of Bernoulli principle

Valve = high air flow oxygen entrainment valve

Uses injector - reduction of pressure DT high flow of oxygen, entrains air into O2 flow

46
Q

Jet Entrainment

A

If hole in low pressure area (eg construction), fluid can be entrained from outside

47
Q

Gas

A

Gaseous substance that normally in gaseous state at room temp, ATM pressure

47
Q

Henry’s Law

A
48
Q

Vapor

A

gaseous substance normally liquid at room temp, ATM pressure

vapor formed via evaporation

49
Q

Jet Entrainment

A

If hole in low pressure area (eg construction), fluid can be entrained from outside

49
Q

Gas

A

Gaseous substance that normally in gaseous state at room temp, ATM pressure

49
Q

Vapor

A

gaseous substance normally liquid at room temp, ATM pressure

vapor formed via evaporation

50
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Cx = k(h)*Px

Amt of gas dissolved in liquid directly proportional to pp of gas in equilibrium with liquid

51
Q

Vapor

A

gaseous substance normally liquid at room temp, ATM pressure

vapor formed via evaporation

52
Q

Coanda Effect

A

-Fluid will hug convex contour when flowing tangential to surface

-Effect = maldistribution of fluid flow

-Uneven distribution of flow in alveoli or myocardial infarction

53
Q

Entrainment Ratio

A

DT both Bernoulli effect and jet entrainment

ER = entrained flow/driving flow

54
Q

Three ways circle system cannot be arranged?

A

Unidirectional valves must go btw RB, P

FGF cannot enter btw exp valve, P

APL valve cannot be btw p, insp v

55
Q

Adiabatic Compression or Expansion of Gases

A

Occurs without adding or removing energy from system

Why crack tanks before use

56
Q

Jet Entrainment

A

If hole in low pressure area (eg construction), fluid can be entrained from outside

56
Q

Gas

A

Gaseous substance that normally in gaseous state at room temp, ATM pressure

57
Q

Fluid Logic and the Coanda Effect

A

Switching flow ventilator valve uses effect to advantage, supply oxyge/ventilation to patient but also allows expiratory venting without moving parts

58
Q

Hygroscopic Material

A

attracts moisture from atmosphere

59
Q

Thermometer: liquid in gas

A

uses liquid expansion with temp change

mercury thermometers

60
Q

Bourdon Thermometer

A

Pressure change of gas

61
Q

Thermistor

A

Uses T sensitivity resistor (semiconductor): as T falls, R increases

62
Q

Thermocouple

A

Uses Seebeck effect, two different conductive materials

Seebeck effect: conductor generates voltage when exposed to T as a gradient

63
Q

Infrared tympanic thermometers

A

thermopile to measure radiation emitted by eardrum

prone to false low readings

64
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance btw identical points on consecutive waves

65
Q

Amplitude

A

Distance btw origin and crest/trough

66
Q

Frequency

A

of waves that pass point per unit time

67
Q

Speed

A

wavelength x frequency

68
Q

Isobestic point

A

Point at which two substances absorb certain wavelength of light to same extent

69
Q

Simple Harmonic Motion

A

Motion repeats self, takes same time each cycle

Relationship btw mass, time vary in sinusoidal fashion

70
Q

Harmonic Series

A

Occur when other frequencies which have frequencies that are exact multiples of the original are overloaded with initial (=fundamental) frequency

ex Fournier analysis

71
Q

Fournier Analysis

A

Analysis, generation of various biological signals by breaking down any periodic waves into component sine, cosine waveforms

eg ABP, EEG, ECG

72
Q

Doppler Effect

A

Frequency (and therefore pitch) of sound rises as it approaches observer and falls as it moves away

DT relationship of waves and observer, still occurs with no actual velocity change

US, laser

73
Q

Piezo-Electric Effect

A

–Production of electrical current DT deformation of certain materials

74
Q

Piezo-Electric Effect

A

–Production of electrical current DT deformation of certain materials

–Crystals frequently used for this purpose eg accelerometers, Doppler probes, US

–Electric current passing through crystals generates US waves, receiving crystals deformed by reflected sound waves –> produce electrical signal –> processed into image, sound

75
Q

Ohm’s law

A

V=IR
Voltage = Current * Resistance

Related to:
Change in pressure = Flow * Resistance
(vascular resistance)

76
Q

Electrical Circuits

A

Resistors in series: Total = R1+R2+R3

Parallel: total = 1/R1+1/R2
Ex BV

77
Q

Pseudocritical Temperature

A

Applies to a mixture of gases

temperature at which gas mixtures separate into their component parts

78
Q

Critical Velocity

A

speed at which a falling object reaches when both gravity, air resistance are equalized on the object.

speed, direction at which the fluid can flow through a conduit without becoming turbulent.

79
Q

Joules

A

Derived unit of SI energy

Conveys energy transferred to an object when 1 Newton force acts on object in direction of forces motion through a distance of 1m

Boards: Machines, Physics (9 decks)

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