Physio & Psychopharmacology

Question 1

Build up of (…) in the cerebral (…) can cause (…).

Answer 1

cerebrospinal fluid, ventricles, hydrocephalus

Question 2

The hypothalamus controls the (…) system and (…) glands, mediates basic (…), and regulates (…) expression. The (…) nucleus (SCN) regulates the circadian rhythms.

Answer 2

autonomic nervous system, endocrine, drives, emotional, suprachiasmatic

Question 3

“I hear blue” and “smell someone yelling” are examples of (…), the rare condition of one sensory modality triggers a sensation in another.

Answer 3

synesthesia

Question 4

Hypoglycemia involves low (…) and excessive (…) production by the (…). Symptoms include: dizziness, (…), blurred vision, anxiety, (…), and (…).

Answer 4

blood glucose, insulin, pancreas, headaches, depression, confusion

Question 5

Three emotion areas of the brain are: (…), (…), and (…).

Answer 5

amygdala, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex

Question 6

The (…) facilitates perception and expression of anger, (…), sadness, (…), and attaches these emotions to (…). It is in the (…) system.

Answer 6

amygdala, fear, happiness, memory, limbic

Question 7

The (…) translates emotions into (…) response.

Answer 7

hypothalamus, physical

Question 8

The (…) processes emotions hemispherically, with the (…) hemisphere processing (…) emotions and the (…) processing (…) emotions.

Answer 8

cerebral cortex, left, positive, right, negative

Question 9

(…)-(…) Syndrome results from a lesion in the (…) and the following symptoms: altered (…) habits, (…), and reduced (…) and (…).

Answer 9

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome, amygdala, dietary, hypersexuality, fear and aggression

Question 10

The (…) is involved in extrapyramidal control of motor activities. Damage can result in (…), characterized by (…) speech, severe (…), and a loss of balance.

Answer 10

cerebellum, ataxia, slurred, tremors

Question 11

The (…) lobe houses the (…) cortex. Visual (…) is the inability to recognize familiar objects.

Answer 11

occipital, visual

Question 12

The (…) is another limbic system structure involved in (…) and (…) memory, as well as the (…) of declarative memories.

Answer 12

Hippocampus, spatial and explicit, consolidation

Question 13

MAOI stands for (…). It deactivates dopamine, (…), and serotonin. A (…) crisis is a side-effect can occur with foods with the amino acid (…). Symptoms include: stiff neck, rapid heart rate, (…), (…), (…), and sensitivity to light.

Answer 13

monoamine oxidase inhibitor, norepinephrine, hypertensive, tyramine; nausea, vomiting, sweating

Question 14

Opioids or (…)-(…) have sedative and (…) properties. Used to treat (…) and as a (…) suppressant. Opiod peptides are also known as (…).

Answer 14

narcotic-analgesics, analgesic, diarrhea, cough, endorphines

Question 15

Older adults often experience an (…) sleep phase, meaning they go to bed (…) and wake up (…).

Answer 15

advanced sleep phase (ASP), earlier, earlier

Question 16

There are two basic types of seizures or epilepsies: (…) and (…). The later includes (…) type that does not involve LOC, while (…) type involves some alteration in consciousness.

Answer 16

general and partial, simple, complex

Question 17

Generalized seizures are bilaterally (…) and do not have a (…) onset. They include (…) and (…) seizures. Grand mal include muscle contraction and rhythmic shaking, while petit mal are (…) with LOC but without (…) symptoms.

Answer 17

symmetrical, focal, tonic-clonic and absence, brief, motor

Question 18

Type A personality and heart disease is most consistently linked to (…) and (…).

Answer 18

hostility and anger

Question 19

Huntington’s Disease is an autosomal (…) disorder.

Answer 19

dominant

Question 20

Tourette’s Disorder is associated with both (…) symptoms as well as (…) and (…).

Answer 20

ADHD, obsessions and compulsions

Question 21

Sides effects of Benzo’s include: (…), memory loss, and (…) impairment.

Answer 21

confusion, psychomotor

Question 22

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by (…), muscular rigidity, (…), akinesia, and speech difficulties. Symptoms temporarily relieved by (…), a (…) agonist. Caused by a degeneration in (…)-containing cells in the (…) nigra.

Answer 22

tremor, akathisia, L-dopa, dopamine, dopamine, substantia

Question 23

akathisia is known as “cruel (…)”, akinesia is a reduction or absence of (…) movement

Answer 23

restlessness, spontaneous

Question 24

Sleep EEG patterns include (…), beta, (…), delta, and REM. In stage (…), alpha are replaced by beta. Stage (…), (…) waves are interrupted by sleep (…) and (…)-complexes.

Answer 24

alpha, theta, one(1), two(2), theta, spindles, K-complexes

Question 25

Newborns start with (...) sleep, that turns into (...) sleep. This reverses by (...) months. Adulthood sees the decline of total sleep time, stage (...) sleep, and (...).

Answer 25

REM, NREM, three, 4, REM

Question 26

The (...) theory of color vision includes three primary colors: (...). The (...)-(...) theory postulates three bipolar receptors: (...). In the later, some cells are (...), while the other is (...).

Answer 26

trichromatic; red, blue, and green; opponent-process, red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black; excited, inhibited

Question 27

The (...) (...) are subcoritcal structures involved in planning, (...), and coordinating (...) movements. Linked to Hungtington's, (...) disease, (...) disorder, (...), and ADHD.

Answer 27

basal ganglia, organizing, voluntary, Parkinson's, Tourette's, OCD

Question 28

The Basal Ganglia includes four structures: caudate nucleaus, (...), (...), and substantia nigra.

Answer 28

putamen, globus pallidus

Question 29

Depth perception relies on (...) and (...) cues. Retinal (...) is a (...) cue, suggests the closer the object, the greater the (...) of the two images.

Answer 29

binocular, monocular, disparity, binocular, disparity

Question 30

Huntington's Disease involves (...), (...), and motor symptoms. (...) appear first. Early motor symptoms include (...), clumsiness, followed by "piano-playing" movements. Due to loss of (...)-secreting neurons and (...) excitotoxicity in the (...) (...).

Answer 30

emotional, cognitive, emo-cog, fidgeting, GABA, glutamate, basal ganglia

Question 31

The (...) is a hindbrain structure regulating (...), heartbeat, and (...).

Answer 31

medulla, breathing, blood pressure

Question 32

CT and MRI are (...) techniques, PET, SPECT, and fMRI are (...).

Answer 32

structural, functional

Question 33

Postconcussional disorder requires a (...) trauma with LOC, (...) disturbance, and 3+ symptoms for at least (...) months (e.g. headache, irritability).

Answer 33

head, cognitive, three

Question 34

The (...) nervous system governs (...) activities. Information travels from (...) nerves to CNS and/or (...) nerves to (...) muscles through the CNS.

Answer 34

somatic, voluntary, sensory, motor, skeletal

Question 35

3 Theories of Emotion: 1) James-(...): emotions represent perceptions of (...) reactions to (...) stimuli; (...)-Bard: emo and body simultaneous resulting from (...) stimulation; (...): emo are universal, differ by how they are (...) or (...) - primary, secondary, and (...).

Answer 35

James-Lange, bodily, sensory, Cannon-Bard, thalamic, Lazarus, interpreted or appraised, re-appraisal

Question 36

3 Aphasias: Broca's, Wernicke's and (...). (...) aphasia is from damaged (...) (...). It does not affect (...), but does result in (...), paraphasia, and impaired repetition.

Answer 36

Conduction x 2, arcuate fasciculus, comprehension, anomia

Question 37

Apraxia, sensory neglect, and dominant hemisphere aphasia are stroke symptoms from a blocked (...) cerebral artery.

Answer 37

middle

Question 38

memory loss, unilateral cortical blindness, and visual agnosia are stroke symptoms from a blocked (...) cerebral artery.

Answer 38

posterior

Question 39

apathy, depression, confusion, bowel and bladder incontinence, mutism are stroke symptoms from a blocked (...) cerebral artery.

Answer 39

anterior

Question 40

Learning and memory: (...) lobes, (...), (...), prefrontal cortex, and (...).

Answer 40

temporal (encoding, storing, retrieval LTM), hippocampus (transferring STM to LTM), amygdala (learning about rewards and punishments), thalamus (transferring info to neocortex)

Question 41

MS involves the degeneration of (...). Initial symptoms include: optic neuritis, (...) impairments, (...) abnormalities, and fatigue. Later symptoms include (...), (...) problems, mood symptoms, and (...) impairment.

Answer 41

myelin, motor, sensory, tremors, speech, cognitive

Question 42

(...) Circuit mediates the experience and expression of (...). It includes the hippocampus, (...) bodies, thalamus, and (...) gyrus.

Answer 42

Papez's, emotion, mammillary, cingulated

Question 43

The (...) lobe contains the primary auditory cortex.

Answer 43

temporal

Question 44

General Adaptation Syndrome: response to stress is mediated by the (...)-(...) secretions and 3 stages: alarm reaction, (...), and (...). Can cause death if prolonged.

Answer 44

adrenal-pituitary (cortisol), resistance, exhaustion.

Question 45

Long-term (...) (LTP) is a physiological process involving the modification of (...) synapses, at (...) receptors in the (...). Inhibiting (...) at the time of learning prevents LTP.

Answer 45

potentiation, nerve, glutamate, hippocampus, protein or RNA

Question 46

Naltrexone (e.g. (...)) is an (...) antagonist that blocks craving for (...). 4 Side effects include: (...) cramping, (...), (...), and (...).

Answer 46

Vivitrol, opioid, alcohol, abdominal, nausea, vomiting, insomnia

Question 47

Damage to the (...) lobe can cause apraxia, (...), and (...) syndrome, which involves (...) agnosia, (...), and (...).

Answer 47

parietal lobe, anosognosia, Gerstmann's syndrome, finger, agraphia, and acalculia

Question 48

Anosognosia is the inability to recognize (...).

Answer 48

one's own neurological symptoms or other disorder

Question 49

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome begins with mental confusion, (...) movements, and (...); followed by Korsakoff's symptoms.

Answer 49

abnormal eye, ataxia

Question 50

Beta-Blockers ((...)) diminish (...) excitatory response to the hormones (...) and (...). Used to treated heart conditions and anxiety. 4 sides effects include: (...), (...), (...), (...).

Answer 50

Propranolol, cardiovascular, epinephrine, norepinephrine, bradycardia, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness

Question 51

Primary hypertension accounts for (...)-(...)% of all cases of high blood pressure and is (...) due to a known physiological cause.

Answer 51

85-90%, NOT

Question 52

(...) (...) Syndrome is rare, but potential fatal side effect of antipsychotic drugs. It involves: (...), (...), (...), and altered consciousness. The drug must be stopped (...) to avoid death.

Answer 52

Neuroleptic Malignant, muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, as soon as symptoms develop

Question 53

There are 3 Psychophysical laws: (...), (...), and (...). (...)'s law states that the (...) (...) difference in stimulus intensity is a (...) (...) of the initial stimulus intensity.

Answer 53

Weber, Fechner, and Steven's Power Law; Weber's, just noticeable, constant proportion

Question 54

Fechner's law states that physical stimulus changes are (...) related to their (...) sensations.

Answer 54

logarithmically, subjective

Question 55

Steven's Power Law proposes that the (...) of the sensation is equal to the (...) magnitude of the stimulus producing sensation raised to a certain (...) which varies, depending on the sensation being measured.

Answer 55

magnitude, physical, power or expontent

Question 56

Top to bottom, spinal cord sections include: (...), (...), (...), (...), and (...). Damage to the (...) level results in quadriplegia or (...), while damage to the (...) causes paraplegia.

Answer 56

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal, cervical, tetraplegia, thoracic

Question 57

Traditional antipsychotics are best for (...) symptoms of Schizophrenia. 3 side effects: (...), (...), (...). Block (...) receptors.

Answer 57

positive, anticholinergic, extrapyramidal effects, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome, dopamine

Question 58

An (...) (...) produces an effect opposite a neurotransmitter. (...) (...) similar but less than, and (...) produces no activity, but actually blocks the effect.

Answer 58

inverse agonist, partial agonist, antagonist

Question 59

Hyperthyroidism is caused the (...) of (...) by the thyroid gland, characterized by increased metabolism, elevated temperature, accelerated (...) rate, increased (...) with weight loss, (...), and insomnia.

Answer 59

hypersecretion, thyroxine, heart, appetite, nervousness

Question 60

Hyporthyroidism is caused the (...) of (...) by the thyroid gland, characterized by slowed metabolism, lowered temperature, slowed (...) rate, (...), impaired concentration and (...), and depression.

Answer 60

hyposecretion, thyroxine, heart, lethargy, memory

Question 61

Methylphenidate (e.g. (...)) is a psychostimulant used to treat (...), side effects: decreased (...), insomnia, (...), and growth (...).

Answer 61

Ritalin, ADHD, appetite, dysphoria, suppression

Question 62

Action Potential: Neuron becomes (...), interior cell less negative, triggering an electrical impulse. All-or-none, AP will be same (...) regardless of amount of (...) as long as minimal (...) has been reached.

Answer 62

depolarized, magnitude, stimulation, threshold

Question 63

The (...) (...) system is a network of nerve fibers involved in (...), arousal, and (...).

Answer 63

reticular activating, wakefulness, consciousness

Question 64

SSRIs (e.g. (...)) (...) the reuptake of serotonin. Side effects: GI disturbance, (...) dysfunction, insomnia, (...), headache, and (...). VS TCAs, they are less (...), safer in overdose, and less (...) impairments.

Answer 64

Fluoxetine, block, sexual, anxiety, anorexia, cardiotoxic, cognitive

Question 65

There are 3 sedative-hypnotics: (...), (...), and alcohol. They are (...) depressants. Low dose reduce arousal and motor activity, moderate sleep, high anesthesia and death.

Answer 65

barbiturates, anxiolytics, CNS

Question 66

Benzo's are a type of (...), side effects: drowsiness, (...), slurred speech, (...), and impaired (...) ability; abrupt cessation can cause (...) hyperexcitability.

Answer 66

anxiolytic, ataxia, lethargy, psychomotor, rebound

Question 67

4 Neurotransmitters: (...). They are (...) substances released from axon (...), diffuse across (...), and (...) or (...) receptor sites on postsynaptic nerve cells.

Answer 67

Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Serotonin, and Gaba; chemical, terminals, synapses, excite or inhibit

Question 68

Acetylcholine mediates (...) transmission, (...) arousal, and (...). Dopamine is involved in (...) motor regulation and (...)/(...) functions. Too little in (...), Parkinson's, too much and you get Schizophrenia and (...) Disorder.

Answer 68

neuromuscular, parasympathetic, memory; inhibitory, motivational/emotional, basal ganglia, Tourette's

Question 69

Serotonin (...) behavior, regulates mood, (...), arousal, (...), temperature, and (...). GABA most common (...) neurotransmitter, involved in (...), sleep, and (...). Too low and you get (...) Disease.

Answer 69

inhibits, hunger, sleep, pain; inhibitory, anxiety, seizures, Huntington's

Question 70

Migraine headache is a recurrent (...) headache, with (...) pain usually on one side of head. Triggers: alcohol, (...), and (...) following stress. May be preceded by (...) (classic migraine).

Answer 70

vascular, throbbing, bright lights, relaxation, aura

Question 71

Mood stabilizers treat symptoms of (...) Disorder. Common are (...) and (...). For traditional BD, (...) is used. Rapid mood swings or dysphoric mania, use (...).

Answer 71

Bipolar, lithium and anticonvulsants, lithium and anticonvulsants,

Question 72

(...) Effects are caused by several drugs including (...) and tricyclic antidepressants. They include: (...) mouth, (...) vision, tachycardia, (...) retention, constipation, memory impairment and (...).

Answer 72

Anticholinergic, antipsychotics, dry, blurred, urinary, confusion

Question 73

Tricyclics include (...) and (...). They block the reuptake of (...), (...), and (...). Most effective for (...), (...) symptoms. Side Effects: (...) effects, confusion, weight gain, and (...) symptoms. (...) good for enuresis, (...) for Panic, Bulimia, and (...).

Answer 73

Imipramine and Clomipramine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, somatic, vegetative, anticholinergic, cardiovascular, imipramine, clomipramine, OCD

Question 74

Brain Lateralization: LEFT: (...) activities, (...) thought, and (...) emotions. RIGHT: (...)-(...) activities, (...) interpretation, and memory for (...), and (...) emotions.

Answer 74

verbal, analytical/logical, positive; visual-spatial, spatial, shapes, negative;

Question 75

Split Brain Patient: A familiar object presented to (...) visual field, can name the object but cannot pick it out with his (...) hand.

Answer 75

right, left

Question 76

Split Brain: Presented the word "headband" straight ahead, will report seeing: (...).

Answer 76

"band" (why - verbally state what perceived by left hemisphere, what was in her right visual field)

Question 77

Front Cortex includes: (...), (...), (...), (...), and prefrontal cortex. It's involved in (...) functioning, (...) and mood, and (...) functions.

Answer 77

primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, Broca's Area; executive, personality, motor

Question 78

TBI includes both (...) and (...) injuries. The first causes alteration or (...), followed by (...) and (...) amnesia. The later affects (...) versus (...) memories. (...) memories return first.

Answer 78

closed-head and open-head, LOC, anterograde and retrograde, recent versus remote, remote

Question 79

(...) is the inability to differentiate between different hues.

Answer 79

achromatopsia

Question 80

The three brain structures involved in implicit memory are: (...), (...), and (...).

Answer 80

cerebellum, basal ganglia, and amygdala

Question 81

(...) is a hormone released by the (...) cortex and plays a role in sexual arousal for men and women.

Answer 81

androgen, adrenal

Question 82

Neurogenis, the creation of new neurons, occurs in the (...) throughout the lifespan.

Answer 82

hippocampus