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Personality PSYC 321 > Physiological Approaches to Personality > Flashcards

Physiological Approaches to Personality Flashcards

1
Q

core assumption of the biological domain regarding personality

A
  • humans = collections of biological systems
  • these systems provide the building blocs for A B C
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2
Q

Phineas Gage

A
  • prior to his accident - highly agreeable and conscientious
  • after his accident, obstinate and capricious
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3
Q

physiological approach

A

connections among:
- environmental conditions
- personality traits
- responses
links personality to specific situations in terms of evoking a certain psychological response
- can be identified and measured using specific physiological measures
refer to graph in notebook page _____

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4
Q

physiological measures

A
  • electrodermal activity
  • cardiovascular activity
  • brain activity
  • other - biochemical analyses of blood and saliva
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5
Q

EDA

A

most obtained by electrodes or sensors placed on the skin surface
- due to increase in sweat with arousal, skin conductance of electricity increases
can measure responses to various stimuli
- sudden noise, emotionally charged, pictures, pain, anxiety, fear, guilt, etc
some people display EDA in absence of external stimuli
- associated with anxiety and neuroticism

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6
Q

EDA advantages

A

non-invasive
no discomfort

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7
Q

EDA disadvantages

A

movement constrained

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8
Q

cardiovascular activity

A

BP (blood pressure)
- can measure stress reactivity
HR (heart rate)
- increases with anxiety, fear, arousal, cognitive effort
cardiac reactivity
- better than normal increase in BP and HR when performing
serial subtraction
- associated with Type A personality
- impatience, competitiveness, hostility
- cardiac reactivity + type A associated with coronary heart disease

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9
Q

brain activity

A

brain imaging techniques
- computerized methods of detecting metabolic or chemical changes in the brain
- map structure and function of the brain
types:
- PET - we use radioactive traers
- fMRI - tracks brain activity by monitoring glucose metabolism in brain; higher resolution than PET

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10
Q

Big 5 and the brain

A
  • high in agreeableness: more activation in frontal lobe
  • high neuroticism: more responsive amygdala
  • high extraversion: increase activation of amygdala
  • low conscientiousness (increase in impulsivity): more activity in ventral striatum
  • high openness: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
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11
Q

extraversion - introversion: Eysenck’s theory

A
  • measured by Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
  • introverts have higher level than extraverts of activity in the brain’s ascending reticular activation system (ARAS)
  • people strive to keep ARAS activity at optimal level
  • introverts work to decrease and avoid stimulation; extraverts work to increase and seek out stimulation
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12
Q

sensitivity to reward and punishment (refer to page 12 of notebook)

A

personality based on 2 hypothesized brain systems
1. Behavioural activation system (BAS)
- responsive to incentives (cues to reward) and regulates approach B
- like an accelerator that motivates approach behaviour
2. Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
- responsive to cues to punishment, frustration, uncertainty
- like brakes that inhibit behaviour or help people stop what they are doing
- motivates ceasing, inhibitory, avoidance B

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13
Q

sensation seeking

A
  • seeking out thrilling exciting activities, takes risks, avoid boredom
  • early sensory deprivation research
  • Hebb’s theory of optimal level of arousal
  • Zuckerman
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14
Q

Hebb’s theory of optimal level of arousal

A

each person possesses an ideal level of arousal, which fosters supreme performance and optimal well-being

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15
Q

Zuckerman: sensation seeking

A
  • increase sensation seekers = less tolerant of of sensory deprivation
  • require much stimulation to get to optimal level of arousal
  • Zuckerman’s sensation seeking scale
  • moderate + correlation between extraversion + sensation seeking
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16
Q

sensation seeking: physiology

A

monoamineoxidase (MAO)
- enzyme that maintains a proper level of some NT
- too little MAO = too much NT, too much MAO = too little NT
- high sensation seekers have low levels of MAO

17
Q

NT + personality

A

dopamine
- associated with motivation towards reward
- low conscientiousness and high openness linked to higher levels of DA
serotonin
- associated with depression and other mood disorders
- lowers impulsivity
norepinephrine
- associated with fight or flight response

18
Q

Cloninger’s Tridimensional Personality Model (1993)

A

refer to notebook page 13

19
Q

morningness vs eveningness

A
  • circadian rhythm is a stable characteristic (e.g. body temperature, endocrine secretion rates)
  • individual differences of circadian rhythm identified through temporal isolation studies
  • ways to identify:
    1. morningness - evening questionnaire
    2. cross-cultural replication and documentation of stability of characteristics
20
Q

morningness vs eveningness: findings

A
  • morning people = higher conscientiousness + agreeableness
  • evening people = higher extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience
  • circadian rhythm change with age
21
Q

brain asymmetry and affective style

A
  • L+R sides of brain = specialized with asymetry in control of psychological functions
  • an EEG can be used to measure brain waves
  • L hemisphere more active than R when person is experiencing pleasant emotion
  • R hemisphere more active than L with unpleasant emotions
  • patterns replicated in adults children and infants
  • research indicates the tendency to exhibit asymmetry is a stable individual characteristics
    1. disposionally + persons greater left frontal EGG activity
    2. dispositionally - persons show greater right frontal EEG activity
22
Q

parsimony in explaining behaviour

A
  • simple, does not require many steps
  • some theories state that a physiological difference results in a given personality difference or a difference in an important
    behaviour pattern
23
Q

using electrodes and sensors

A
  • one of the more common methods in obtaining data
  • limitation: movement is restrained
24
Q

telemetry

A

physiological signals are sent by waves instead of needing electrodes and sensors on the skin

25
Q

what health issue is Type A personality associated with?

A

cardiac arrest

26
Q

physiological measure: electrodermal activity

A

physiological system:
- sweat gland activity controlled by sympathetic nervous system
psychological response system:
- anxiety, startle, guilt, effort, pain
examples of stimuli used in research:
- noise, mental effort, emotional stimuli,
painful stimuli

27
Q

physiological measure: cardiovascular activity

A

physiological system:
- blood pressure and heart rate controlled
by autonomic nervous system
psychological response system:
- fight-or-flight response, mental
effort, stress
examples of stimuli used in research:
- stress, social anxiety, effort, high cognitive
load

28
Q

physiological measure: EEG

A

physiological system:
- brain’s spontaneous electrical activity
psychological response system:
- brain activation, alertness
examples of stimuli used in research:
- resting with eyes closed, reading

29
Q

physiological measures: evoked EEG

A

physiological system:
- brain’s electrical activity in response to specific stimuli
psychological response system:
- attention, recognition, cognitive
processing
examples of stimuli used in research
- brief sensory stimuli

30
Q

physiological measures: neuroimaging

A

physiological system:
- brain’s energy metabolism
psychological response system:
- specific brain areas responsible for cognitive control, emotion, memory, pain, decision-making, sensory processing
examples of stimuli used in research:
- wide variety of tasks that activate these
psychological response systems

31
Q

physiological measures: antibodies

A

physiological system:
- immune system
psychological response system:
- immune response to infection, stress
examples of stimuli used in research:
- virus, bacteria, stress

32
Q

physiological measures: testosterone

A

physiological system:
- hormone system (steroid)
psychological response system:
- aggression, competitiveness, psychological drive and libido, muscle bulk
examples of stimuli used in research:
- tasks involving competition, aggression, attraction

33
Q

physiological measures: cortisol

A

physiological system:
- hormone system (adrenal)
psychological response system:
- stress response
examples of stimuli used in research:
- life events, stress, anxiety stimuli

34
Q

physiological measures: Serotonin, dopamine,
MAO

A

physiological system:
- neurotransmitters
psychological response system:
- transmission of specific nerve signals
examples of stimuli used in research:
- rewarding stimuli, emotions

35
Q

Effects of ARAS of introverts on their behaviour

A
  • introverts would have higher resting levels of
    cortical arousal because their ARAS lets in too much stimulation
  • introverts engage in introverted behaviours (are quiet and seek low-stimulation settings) because they need to keep their already heightened level of arousal in check
36
Q

arousability: the difference between introverts and extraverts

A
  • real difference between introverts and
    extraverts lies in their arousability, or arousal response, not in their baseline arousal level
  • do not differ in level of brain activity while sleeping or while lying quietly in a
    darkened room with eyes shut
  • when presented with moderate levels of stimulation, introverts show enhanced physiological reactivity
37
Q

reinforcement sensitivity theory

A
  • BAS
  • BIS

Personality PSYC 321 (12 decks)

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