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Personality PSYC 321 > Sex and Gender > Flashcards

Sex and Gender Flashcards

1
Q

social and cultural domain assumption

A

personality impacts/impacted by cultural and societal contexts

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2
Q

social and cultural domain: cultural differences between groups example

A

in social acceptability of aggression

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3
Q

social and cultural domain: individual differences within cultures

A
  • how personality plays out in the social sphere
  • including sex and gender differences in personality processes, traits, and mechanisms
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4
Q

sex

A

whether an individual = biologically considered male, female, intersex

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5
Q

gender

A
  • social and cultural interpretation of what it means to be a man or woman, changes over time
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6
Q

sexual orientation

A
  • refers to one’s sexual/romantic attraction
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7
Q

sex differences

A
  • average differences on certain characteristics
  • e.g. height, body fat distribution, hormone levels, etc.
  • no prejudgement about the cause of any differences
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8
Q

What was going on in the 1930s?

A

researchers assumed sex differences on various personality items were attributable to
- differences along the single dimension of masculinity and femininity
- BUT perhaps someone could score high on both masculinity and feminity
- this led to concept of androginy

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9
Q

What was going in the 1970s?

A
  • rise of feminist movement
  • assumption of single dimension challenged
  • argued that masculinity and feminity might be independent
  • one can be higher on M and F, or low on M and F, high in one, low in other
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10
Q

refer to notebook for table of masculinity, feminity and androgyny

A
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11
Q

Spence measures

A
  • measure doesn’t assess sex roles
  • measure and assess personality traits of instrumentality and expressiveness
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12
Q

Bem measures

A
  • measure assess gender schemas and cognitive orientations that lead people to process social info on basis of sex-linked associations
  • gender-aschematic: to not use gender at all in processing of social info
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13
Q

What are the similarities between Bem and Spence measures

A
  • both have the goal of assessing gender and are self-report measures
  • both measures contribute to understanding how people perceive and express their gender
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14
Q

What are the different theories that drive the Spence measure and the Bem measure

A

Bem:
- Theory: Based on Sandra Bem’s gender schema theory.
- Concept: Recognizes that individuals can have both masculine and feminine traits.
- Purpose: Measures traits associated with traditional masculinity, traditional femininity, and a mix of both (androgyny).
Spence:
- Theory: Rooted in Janet Spence’s gender identity theory.
- Concept: Views gender identity as multidimensional with instrumental (masculine) and expressive (feminine) dimensions.
- Purpose: Measures how individuals express traits traditionally linked to masculinity and femininity.

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15
Q

minimalists

A

sex differences as small and inconsequential

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16
Q

maximalists

A
  • size of sex differences should not be trivialized
  • small effects can have more important consequences
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17
Q

sex differences in personality: temperament in children

A

inhibitory control
- largest sex difference favouring girls
perceptual sensitivity
- moderate sex differences favouring girls
surgency
- moderate sex differences favouring boys
negative affectivity
- no sex difference, contrary to stereotypes

18
Q

sex differences in personality: extraversion

A
  • women score slightly higher on gregariousness
  • men score slightly higher on activity level
  • men score moderately higher on assertiveness
19
Q

sex differences in personality: agreeableness

A
  • women score higher on trusting, tender minded
  • women smile more than men
20
Q

sex differences in personality: aggresiveness

A
  • men are more physically aggressive in fantasies and manifest B
  • profound consequences for everyday life
  • men = 90% of all homicides
  • more likely to commit violent crimes
  • sex differences in violent crimes accompanies puberty, peaking in adolescence - early 20s
21
Q

sex differences in personality: conscientiousness

A
  • women score slightly higher
22
Q

sex differences in personality: emotional stability

A
  • men and women = similar on impulsiveness
  • women score higher on anxiety
23
Q

sex differences in personality: openness to experience

A

no sex differences

24
Q

sex differences in depression

A
  • in childhood, no sex difference
  • after puberty, women depression 2-3x more than men
  • rumination
25
Q

sex differences in depression: rumination

A
  • repeatedly focusing on one’s symptoms or distress
  • women ruminate more, which contributes to the perseverance of depressive symptoms
  • largest sex differences is in ages 18-44, then sexes start to converge again
26
Q

sex differences and self esteem

A
  • global self-esteem: overall evaluation of self
  • in chidren, gap widens
  • adults, gap closes
27
Q

sex differences and sexuality

A
  • interest in casual sex
  • nb of lifetime sex partners desired
28
Q

sex differences and people

A
  • vocational: interest, preference to work with things/people
  • men are more towards things (systemizing)
  • women are more towards people (empathizing)
29
Q

gender identity

A

person’s deeply felt, inherent sense of being a man, a woman, both or neither, fluid

30
Q

gender expression

A

how you present to the world

31
Q

gender stereotype

A
  • beliefs about how men and owmen differ or are supposed to differ in contrast to what the actual differences are
  • components:
    1. cognitive
    2. affective
    3. behavioural
32
Q

gender stereotypes and prejudice

A

negative consequences can damage people in health, jobs, odds of advancement and social reputations

33
Q

transgender

A

person’s gender identity differs from the sex or gender assigned to them at birth

34
Q

socialization theory

A

roles reinforced by parents, teachers, and media for being M or F

35
Q

Bandura’s social learning theory

A
  • observation
  • imitation
  • modelling
36
Q

social role theory

A
  • sex differences arise because men and women are distributed differently into different occupational and family roles
  • some research supports social role theory
  • physical differences -> different roles assigned -> psychological differences evolve because of assigned roles
37
Q

gender schema theory

A
  • once children know their own gender label, their roles adjust their B to align with the gender norms of their culture from the earliest stages of social dev
  • refer to diagram in notebook
38
Q

hormonal theory

A
  • sex differences in testosterone = linked with traditional sex differences in B
  • aggresison, dominance, career choice and sexual desire
  • problem: research suggests link between hormones and B = bidirectional
39
Q

evolutionary psychology theory

A
  • sexes are predicted to differ only in those domains in which people are recurrently faced with different adaptive problems
  • problems must be solved to survive and reproduce
  • research supports many predicted sex differences, especially in sexuality
  • problem: no clear accounting of individuals and within-sex differences
40
Q

integrated theoretical perspectives

A
  • would include all levels of analysis into account because they are compatible
  • socialization/hormonal/evolutionary
41
Q
A

Personality PSYC 321 (12 decks)

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