Physiological Integrity Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
What is the normal range for adult heart rate?
A
60-100 beats per minute
2
Q
What is the normal range for adult respiratory rate?
A
12-20 breaths per minute
3
Q
What is normal blood pressure for adults?
A
Less than 120/80 mmHg
4
Q
What is the normal range for adult temperature?
A
97.8-99.1°F (36.5-37.3°C)
5
Q
What is normal oxygen saturation?
A
95-100%
6
Q
What indicates respiratory distress?
A
Use of accessory muscles nasal flaring cyanosis
7
Q
What is tachycardia?
A
Heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute
8
Q
What is bradycardia?
A
Heart rate less than 60 beats per minute
9
Q
What is hypertensive crisis?
A
Blood pressure greater than 180/120 mmHg
10
Q
What is orthostatic hypotension?
A
Drop in BP of 20 mmHg systolic or 10 mmHg diastolic when standing
11
Q
What causes orthostatic hypotension?
A
Dehydration medications prolonged bed rest
12
Q
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale?
A
Tool to assess level of consciousness (eye opening verbal motor response)
13
Q
What GCS score indicates severe brain injury?
A
8 or less
14
Q
What are signs of increased intracranial pressure?
A
Headache vomiting altered consciousness papilledema
15
Q
What is Cushing’s triad?
A
Hypertension bradycardia irregular respirations (late sign of increased ICP)
16
Q
What position reduces intracranial pressure?
A
Head of bed elevated 30 degrees
17
Q
What is a stroke?
A
Interruption of blood flow to the brain
18
Q
What are signs of stroke (FAST)?
A
Face drooping Arm weakness Speech difficulty Time to call 911
19
Q
What is the time window for stroke intervention?
A
3-4.5 hours for tPA up to 24 hours for some interventions
20
Q
What are contraindications for tPA?
A
Recent surgery bleeding disorders severe hypertension
21
Q
What is myocardial infarction?
A
Death of heart muscle due to lack of oxygen
22
Q
What are classic MI symptoms?
A
Chest pain shortness of breath nausea diaphoresis
23
Q
How do MI symptoms differ in women?
A
May have atypical symptoms like fatigue jaw pain nausea
24
Q
What is the goal for door-to-balloon time?
A
Less than 90 minutes for primary PCI
25
What medications are given for acute MI?
Aspirin clopidogrel heparin beta-blockers ACE inhibitors
26
What is heart failure?
Inability of heart to pump effectively
27
What are symptoms of left-sided heart failure?
Pulmonary congestion dyspnea orthopnea cough
28
What are symptoms of right-sided heart failure?
Peripheral edema jugular vein distention hepatomegaly
29
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
Sudden awakening with shortness of breath
30
What dietary restrictions help heart failure?
Sodium restriction (2-3 grams daily) fluid restriction if ordered
31
What is atrial fibrillation?
Irregular rapid heart rhythm
32
What are complications of atrial fibrillation?
Stroke risk due to blood clots
33
What medications treat atrial fibrillation?
Anticoagulants rate control agents rhythm control agents
34
What is the therapeutic INR range for warfarin?
2.0-3.0 for most indications
35
What foods affect warfarin therapy?
Vitamin K-rich foods (leafy greens)
36
What is pneumonia?
Infection of the lungs
37
What are symptoms of pneumonia?
Fever cough sputum production shortness of breath
38
What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
39
What position helps pneumonia patients?
Semi-Fowler's or high-Fowler's position
40
What is COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with airflow limitation
41
What are the two main types of COPD?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
42
What is the most important intervention for COPD?
Smoking cessation
43
What oxygen level is appropriate for COPD patients?
88-92% to avoid suppressing respiratory drive
44
What is asthma?
Reversible airway obstruction with inflammation
45
What triggers asthma attacks?
Allergens exercise cold air stress infections
46
What is status asthmaticus?
Severe asthma attack not responding to treatment
47
What medications treat acute asthma?
Short-acting beta-agonists corticosteroids
48
What is a pulmonary embolism?
Blood clot in pulmonary arteries
49
What are risk factors for pulmonary embolism?
Immobility surgery cancer pregnancy oral contraceptives
50
What are symptoms of pulmonary embolism?
Sudden dyspnea chest pain tachycardia hemoptysis
51
What is the treatment for pulmonary embolism?
Anticoagulation thrombolytics in severe cases
52
What is diabetes mellitus?
Group of disorders characterized by high blood glucose
53
What is Type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells
54
What is Type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency
55
What are symptoms of hyperglycemia?
Polyuria polydipsia polyphagia fatigue
56
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Life-threatening complication with ketones and acidosis
57
What are signs of DKA?
Fruity breath odor Kussmaul respirations altered consciousness
58
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)?
Severe hyperglycemia without significant ketosis
59
What are symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Shakiness sweating confusion hunger irritability
60
What is the treatment for conscious hypoglycemia?
15 grams of simple carbohydrate
61
What is the rule of 15 for hypoglycemia?
Give 15g carbs wait 15 minutes recheck glucose
62
What is chronic kidney disease?
Progressive loss of kidney function over time
63
What are stages of chronic kidney disease?
Based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
64
What dietary restrictions help kidney disease?
Protein sodium potassium phosphorus restrictions
65
What is dialysis?
Process to remove waste and excess fluid when kidneys fail
66
What are types of dialysis?
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
67
What are complications of hemodialysis?
Hypotension muscle cramps infection access problems
68
What is acute kidney injury?
Sudden loss of kidney function
69
What causes acute kidney injury?
Prerenal (dehydration) intrarenal (damage) postrenal (obstruction)
70
What indicates kidney transplant rejection?
Decreased urine output fever pain over graft site
71
What is cirrhosis?
Chronic liver disease with scarring and dysfunction
72
What are complications of cirrhosis?
Portal hypertension ascites esophageal varices encephalopathy
73
What is hepatic encephalopathy?
Brain dysfunction due to liver's inability to remove toxins
74
What medication treats hepatic encephalopathy?
Lactulose to reduce ammonia levels
75
What is ascites?
Fluid accumulation in the abdomen
76
How is ascites managed?
Sodium restriction diuretics paracentesis if needed
77
What are esophageal varices?
Enlarged veins in the esophagus due to portal hypertension
78
What is the priority for bleeding varices?
Maintain airway and replace blood volume
79
What is pancreatitis?
Inflammation of the pancreas
80
What are common causes of pancreatitis?
Gallstones and alcohol abuse
81
What is the treatment for pancreatitis?
NPO pain management IV fluids
82
What is inflammatory bowel disease?
Chronic inflammation of the GI tract (Crohn's ulcerative colitis)
83
What is the difference between Crohn's and ulcerative colitis?
Crohn's affects any part of GI tract
84
What complications occur with IBD?
Bleeding perforation obstruction increased cancer risk
85
What is a colostomy?
Surgical creation of opening between colon and abdominal wall
86
What is stoma care?
Keep clean and dry assess for complications change appliance regularly
87
What indicates stoma complications?
Dark color excessive bleeding prolapse retraction
88
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
89
What are cancer warning signs?
Changes in bowel/bladder habits sores that don't heal unusual bleeding
90
What is staging in cancer?
Determining extent of cancer spread
91
What is chemotherapy?
Use of drugs to destroy cancer cells
92
What are common chemotherapy side effects?
Nausea hair loss fatigue immunosuppression
93
What is neutropenia?
Abnormally low white blood cell count
94
How should neutropenic patients be cared for?
Protective isolation avoid fresh fruits/flowers monitor for infection
95
What is radiation therapy?
High-energy rays to destroy cancer cells
96
What are radiation therapy side effects?
Skin reactions fatigue site-specific effects
97
What is tumor lysis syndrome?
Rapid breakdown of cancer cells causing metabolic problems
98
What electrolyte imbalances occur with tumor lysis?
Hyperkalemia hyperphosphatemia hypocalcemia hyperuricemia
99
What is anemia?
Decreased red blood cells or hemoglobin
100
What are symptoms of anemia?
Fatigue weakness pallor shortness of breath
101
What is iron deficiency anemia?
Most common type due to inadequate iron
102
What foods are high in iron?
Red meat leafy greens fortified cereals
103
What is sickle cell anemia?
Genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin
104
What triggers sickle cell crisis?
Dehydration infection stress cold high altitude
105
How is sickle cell crisis managed?
Pain management hydration oxygen blood transfusions
106
What is thrombocytopenia?
Low platelet count
107
What are bleeding precautions?
Soft toothbrush electric razor avoid injections monitor for bleeding
108
What platelet count requires bleeding precautions?
Less than 50000/μL
109
What is DVT?
Deep vein thrombosis - blood clot in deep veins
110
What are risk factors for DVT?
Immobility surgery cancer pregnancy smoking
111
What are signs of DVT?
Unilateral leg swelling pain warmth redness
112
What prevents DVT?
Early ambulation compression stockings anticoagulants
113
What is compartment syndrome?
Increased pressure in muscle compartment
114
What are the 5 P's of compartment syndrome?
Pain Pallor Paresthesia Pulselessness Paralysis
115
What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?
Emergency fasciotomy
116
What is fat embolism?
Fat particles blocking blood vessels
117
What are signs of fat embolism?
Respiratory distress confusion petechial rash
118
What fractures commonly cause fat embolism?
Long bone fractures especially femur
119
What is osteomyelitis?
Bone infection
120
What are signs of osteomyelitis?
Bone pain fever swelling drainage
121
What is the treatment for osteomyelitis?
Long-term IV antibiotics
122
What is sepsis?
Life-threatening response to infection
123
What are signs of sepsis?
Fever tachycardia tachypnea altered mental status
124
What is septic shock?
Sepsis with persistent hypotension despite fluid resuscitation
125
What is the treatment for sepsis?
Early antibiotics fluid resuscitation vasopressors if needed
126
What is ARDS?
Acute respiratory distress syndrome - severe lung inflammation
127
What causes ARDS?
Sepsis pneumonia trauma aspiration
128
What is the treatment for ARDS?
Mechanical ventilation with lung-protective strategies
129
What is shock?
Inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation
130
What are types of shock?
Hypovolemic cardiogenic distributive obstructive
131
What are signs of shock?
Hypotension tachycardia altered mental status decreased urine output
132
What is anaphylaxis?
Severe allergic reaction affecting multiple systems
133
What is the treatment for anaphylaxis?
Epinephrine IV fluids corticosteroids H1 and H2 blockers
134
What is malignant hyperthermia?
Life-threatening reaction to anesthesia
135
What are signs of malignant hyperthermia?
Hyperthermia muscle rigidity tachycardia acidosis
136
What is the treatment for malignant hyperthermia?
Dantrolene cooling measures supportive care
137
What is hypothermia?
Core body temperature below 95°F (35°C)
138
How is hypothermia treated?
Gradual rewarming warm fluids cardiac monitoring
139
What is heat stroke?
Life-threatening hyperthermia with altered mental status
140
How is heat stroke treated?
Rapid cooling IV fluids electrolyte monitoring
141
What is alkalosis?
pH greater than 7.45
142
What is acidosis?
pH less than 7.35
143
What are signs of respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation confusion headache
144
What causes metabolic acidosis?
Diarrhea kidney disease diabetic ketoacidosis
145
What are signs of fluid overload?
Edema crackles weight gain jugular vein distention
146
What are signs of dehydration?
Dry mucous membranes poor skin turgor concentrated urine
147
What is hyperkalemia?
Serum potassium greater than 5.0 mEq/L
148
What are signs of hyperkalemia?
Muscle weakness cardiac arrhythmias
149
What is hyponatremia?
Serum sodium less than 135 mEq/L
150
What causes hyponatremia?
Excessive water intake SIADH diuretics heart failure
