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Ophthalmology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid produced by

A

secretory epithelium of the choroid plexus in the cerebral ventricles

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2
Q

where is choroid plexus found in the adult brain

A

3rd, 4th and lateral ventricles

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3
Q

how much CSF is produced and absorbed everyday

A

500-600ml

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4
Q

where does CSF go after it’s formed in the ventricles

A

circulates in the subarachnoid space then absorbed into venous circulation

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5
Q

what does CSF do

A
  • flows in and around the brain and spinal
    cord to help cushion them from injury
  • supplies water, amino acids, ions
  • removes metabolites
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6
Q

how is CSF analysis obtained

A

lumbar puncture

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7
Q

embryonic neural canal gives rise to what adult structures

A
  • the brain’s ventricles
  • the spinal cord’s central canal
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8
Q

what does the choroid plexus develop from

A

cells in the walls of the ventricles

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9
Q

what is an ependymal cell

A

type of neuronal support cell (neuroglia) that forms the epithelial lining of the ventricles (cavities) in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

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10
Q

CSF secretion involves the transport of which ions across the epithelium from blood to CSF

A

Na+
Cl-
HCO3-

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11
Q

is [K+], [glucose], and [protein] higher in CSF or blood plasma

A

higher in blood

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12
Q

is [Na+] and [Cl-] higher in CSF or blood plasma

A

higher in CSF

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13
Q

CSF flows from lateral to third ventricle through two narrow openings called the ___________ _______________

A

interventricular foramina

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14
Q

journey route of the CNF

A
  1. lateral ventricles
  2. third ventricle
  3. fourth ventricle
  4. subarachnoid space
  5. arachnoid villi of dural venous sinsuses
  6. venous blood –> heart and lungs
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15
Q

what is the subarachnoid space

A

the cerebrospinal fluid-filled area between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater. It is part of the meningeal linings that separate the brain from the skull.

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16
Q

what is the main obstacle for drug delivery to the CNS

A

blood brain barrier

17
Q

pathologies of the ventricles, choroid plexus and CSF

A
  • tumours
  • ventricular haemorrhage
  • hydrocephalus
  • idiopathic intracranial hypertension/ pseudotumor cerebri
18
Q

what is a colloid cyst

A

benign growth usually located in the third ventricle and at or near the interventricular foramen

19
Q

what is a epidural haematoma

A

arterial bleed between skull and dura

20
Q

what is a subdural haematoma

A

venous bleed between dura and arachnoid

21
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of CSF in the ventricular system or around the brain

22
Q

symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension

A

headache
visual disturbances due to papilloedema

23
Q

what is papilloedema

A

optic disc swelling due to increased intracranial pressure transmitted to the subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerve

24
Q

visual symptoms of papilloedema

A

enlarged blind spot
blurring of vision
visual obscurations
loss of vision

25
Q

what do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors do

A

reduce production of aqueous humour - used to reduce ocular pressure in glaucoma

26
Q

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor examples

A

dorzolamide - administered as eye drops, avoiding systemic effects

acetazolomide - oral administration, also targets kidney

27
Q

the aqueous humour of the posterior chamber is completely replaced in how long?

A

30 mins

28
Q

the aqueous humour of the anterior chamber is completely replaced in how long?

A

120 mins

29
Q

vertical pathway for signal transmission (retina)

A

photoreceptors —> bipolar cells —-> ganglion cells
(light is going in other direction)

30
Q

what do amacrine cells in the retina do

A

receive input from bipolar cells and project to ganglion cells, bipolar cells and other amacrine cells

31
Q

what do horizontal cells of the retina do

A

receive input from photoreceptors and project to other photoreceptors and biopolar cells

32
Q

what are the 2 types of photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

33
Q

which photoreceptor - seeing in dim light

A

rods

34
Q

which photoreceptor - seeing in normal daylight

A

cones

35
Q

is there more convergence in rods or cones

A

rod system

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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