Physiology

Question 1

What is the predominant cell type found in a healing wound in the first 48 hours?

Answer 1

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil

Question 2

Where in the kidney is bicarbonate reabsorbed?

Answer 2

PCT

Question 3

What stage of wound healing involves collagen deposition and angiogenesis?

Answer 3

Proliferation

Question 4

What effect does pregnancy have on eGFR?

Answer 4

Increases by 40%

Question 5

What effect does pregnancy have on biliary physiology?

Answer 5

Increased lithogenic index (increased risk of gall stones)

Question 6

What is the relative risk of thrombosis in those with Factor V Leiden vs those without?

Answer 6

80
Risk in factor V Leiden = 80 in 1,000
Risk in general population = 1 in 1,000

Question 7

What type of virus is HIV?

Answer 7

Family = retrovirus
Genus = lentivirus

Question 8

How is the clotting cascade triggered?

Answer 8

Intrinsic pathway = damaged endothelium

Extrinsic pathway = tissue factor

Question 9

Nucleotides of DNA

Answer 9

Cytosine
Thymine
Adenine
Guanine

Question 10

Nucleotides of RNA

Answer 10

Cytosine
Uracil
Adenine
Guanine

Question 11

Oxygen consumption in ml/min of normal vs pregnant woman

Answer 11

Normal = 250 mL per min

Prégnant = 300 mL per min

Question 12

Effect of pregnancy on renal blood flow

Answer 12

Increase by 50%

Question 13

Inhibitors of glucagon

Answer 13

Glucagon increases plasma glucose levels

Somatostatin
Uraemia
Keto/fatty acidosis
Somatostatin

Question 14

Where is glucagon made

Answer 14

Islet alpha cells of pancreas

Question 15

Most common cause of Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease

Answer 15

Syndrome = iatrogenic, steroid tables

Disease = endogenous cause, pituitary adenoma

Question 16

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is myasthenia gravis

Answer 16

Type V

(But type V is actually a subtype of type II, so if V not an answer, pick II)

Question 17

What stimulates extrinsic pathway in clotting cascade?

Answer 17

Tissue factor

Question 18

1st and 2nd line management hypertension in pregnancy. (Plus definition of HTN)

Answer 18

HTN = 135/85

1st = labetalol

2nd = methyldopa / nifedipine

Contraindicated = ACE, ARB (eg losartan)

Question 19

Thalassaemias and their chromosomal defects

Answer 19

Alpha - 16
Bêta - 11
Delta - 11

Question 20

Effect of pregnancy on cardiac output

Answer 20

Increased by ~40%

Question 21

Diagnostic criteria of gestational diabetes

Answer 21

Fasting glucose >5.6

2h glucose >7.8

Question 22

Kleinfelters karyotype

Answer 22

47XXY

Question 23

Where is calcitonin produced

Answer 23

Thyroid
(c cells)

Question 24

Which ion is most important in resting potential in non nerve cells

Answer 24

K

Question 25

Mantoux test relies on which hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 25

IV

Question 26

Sickle cell mode of inheritance

Answer 26

Single gene recessive

Question 27

Which co-factors are required for oxytocin to bind to its receptor

Answer 27

Magnesium and cholesterol

Question 28

Which organelle is responsible for fusing with vesicles and modifying the proteins contained within them?

Answer 28

Golgi Apparatus

Question 29

What is the main biochemical buffer of urine?

Answer 29

Phosphate

Question 30

By what mechanism does aldosterone promote water resorption in the kidney?

Answer 30

Upregulation of Na/K pumps Situated in DCT and collecting duct

Question 31

Lifespan of a basophil

Answer 31

3-4 days

Question 32

Main biochemical buffer in blood

Answer 32

Bicarbonate

Question 33

Which part of clotting cascade depends on vitamin K?

Answer 33

Synthesis of protein S

Question 34

ECG changes in hypokalaemia

Answer 34

Peaked P Prolonged PR Prolonged QT Flat T U waves

Question 35

4 things that shift O2 dissociation curve to right

Answer 35

Right = reduced affinity of Hb for O2 Acidosis Pyrexia Increased pCO2 Increased 2,3 DPG

Question 36

4 things that shift oxygen dissociation curve to left

Answer 36

Left = loves O2. Limpet, holding onto O2 Increased pCO Decreased temperature Alkalosis Decreased 2,3 DPG

Question 37

Platelet lifespan

Answer 37

5-9 days

Question 38

Effect of pregnancy on triglycerides and cholesterol

Answer 38

Marked increase in both

Question 39

Which hormone is responsible for alveolar development in the breasts during pregnancy?

Answer 39

Progesterone

Question 40

Duchenne inheritance

Answer 40

X recessive

Question 41

Most common cause of delayed puberty in men

Answer 41

Constitutional delay

Question 42

What type of receptor is progesterone receptor

Answer 42

Nuclear transcription factor