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Repro First Aid > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

sources of estrogen

A

ovary –>17B-estradiol placenta –> estriol adipose –> estrone

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2
Q

potency of estrogen types

A

estradiol > estrone > estriol

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3
Q

function of estrogen

A

-development of genatalia, breast, and female fat distribution -growth of follicle, endometrial proliferation, and myometrial excitability -upregulation of estrogen, LH, and progesterone receptors; feedback inhibition on LH and FSH; then LH surge; stimulation of prolactin secretion -increases transport proteins, SHBG; increases HDL and decreases LDL

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4
Q

in pregnancy, what happens to estradiol, estrone, and estriol

A

estradiol and estrone are increased by 50-fold estriol increases by 1000fold –> indicator of fetal well being

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5
Q

estrogen receptors are expressed in ______ and translocate to________

A

the cytoplasm; the nucleus when bound by ligand

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

sources of progesterone

A

corpus luteum, placenta, adrenal cortex, testes

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8
Q

function of progesterone?

A
  • stimulates endometrial secretions and spiral artery development
  • pregnancy maintenance
  • decreased myometrial excitability
  • production of thick cervical mucus (inhibits sperm entry into the uterus)
  • increases body T
  • inhibits gonadotropins (LH FSH)
  • uterine SM relaxation
  • decreased estrogen receptor expressivity
  • prevents endometrial hyperplasia
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9
Q

After delivery, pregesterone _______; why?

A

falls

this disinhibits prolactin and allows lactation

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10
Q

increased progesterone is indicative of?

A

ovulation

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11
Q

progesterone –>

prolactin –>

A

pro-gestation

pro-lactation

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12
Q

tanner stages of sexual development

A

each category can have separate stages

ex: stage 2 genatalia and stage 3 pubic hair

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13
Q
A
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14
Q
A
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

length of follicular phase vs luteal phase of menstruation

A

follicular varies in length

luteal is usually 14 days

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17
Q

decrease in progesterone leads to decreased…

A

fertility

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18
Q

estrogen stimulates…

progesterone maintains…

A

estrogen –> endometrial proliferation

prog –> endometrium to support implantation

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19
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

>35 day cycle

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20
Q

polymenorrhea

A

<21 day cycle

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21
Q

metrorrhagia

A

intermenstrual bleeding

frequent but irregular menstruation

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22
Q

menorrhagia

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A

heavy menstrual bleeding

>80mL blood loss or >7 days of menses

23
Q

menometrorrhagia

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A

heavy, irregular menstruation at irregular intervals

24
Q

increased estrogen leads to –> a –> b –> c –> d –> e

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A

a - LH surge

b - ovulation

c - progesterone from corpus luteum

d - progesterone falls

e - mestruation (apoptosis of endometrial cells)

25
oogenesis/spermatogenesis
26
primary oocytes
are 2N, 4C (46 sister chromatids) begin meiosis I during fetal life and complete meiosis I just prior to ovulation
27
in oogenesis meiosis I is arrested in\_\_\_\_\_ for \_\_\_\_\_ meiosis II is arrested in _____ until \_\_\_\_
1 - prophase 1 for years until ovulation (primary oocytes) 2 - metaphase II until fertilization (secondary oocytes) --\> "until an egg MET a sperm"
28
what happens to secondary oocyte if fertilization does not occur?
if it doesnt occur within 1 day, secondary oocyte degenerates
29
ovulation physiology
increased estrogen --\> increased GnRH receptors on anterior pituitary --\> estrogen surge then stimulates LH release --\> ovulation (rupture of follicle) increased temperature (progesterone induced)
30
mittelschmerz
transient mid-cycle ovulatory pain; associated with peritoneal irritation (ffollicular swelling, fallopian tube contraction) can mimic appendicitis
31
where does fertilization most often occur?
upper end of fallopian tube (ampulla) within 1 day of ovulation
32
when does implantation occur?
6 days after fertilization into the wall of the uterus
33
preganancy detection
1 week after conception --\> can detect hCG in blood (secreted by syncytiophoblasts) 2 weeks after conception --\> detectable on home urine test
34
pregnancy
35
36
lactation physiology
after labor, the decrease in progesterone and estrogen disinhibits lactation suckling is required to maintain milk production since increased nerve stimulation increased ocytocin and prolactin
37
prolactin
induces and maintains lactation and decreases reproductive functon
38
oxytocin
assists in milk letdown; promotes uterine contractions
39
breastmilk is ideal for infants less than \_\_\_ why?
6 months it contains maternal immunoglobulins to confer passive immunity (IgA), macrophages, and lymphoctes this reduces infant infections and is associated with decreased risk to development of allergies, asthma, diabetes,and obesity
40
exclusively breastfed infants require...
vitamin D supplements
41
for the mother, breastfeeding reduces...
risk of breast and ovarian cancer
42
hCG source and function
syncytiotrophoblast of placenta - maintains corpus luteum and progesterone for 1st trimester by acting like LH - used for pregnancy detection since it appears by 2 weeks in urine
43
in 2nd and 3rd trimesters, the placenta synthesizes its own what? this causes what?
its own estriol and progesterone and the corpus luteum degenerates
44
menopause
decreased estrogen production due to age-linked decline in number of ovarian follicles ; around 51 yo (earleir in smokers) - usually preceded by 4 or 5 abnormal menstrual cycles - increased FSH since there is a loss of negative FSH feedback due to decreased estrogen
45
source of estrogen after menopause
estrone from peripheral converstions of androgens
46
menopause hormonal changes
decreased: estrogen increased: FSH, LH, and GnRH
47
menopause causes what side effects?
HAVOCS hot flashes atrophy of vagina osteoporosis coronary artery disease sleep disturbances
48
spermatogenesis
begins at puberty with spermatogonia "(gonium is going to be a sperm") full development takes 2 months occurs in seminiferous tubules produces spermatids that undergo spermiogenesis (loss of cytoplasmic contents and gain of acrosomal cap) to form mature spermatozoon ("zoon is zooming to the egg")
49
three androgens
testosterone DHT (dihydrotestosterone) androsteredione
50
sources of androgens? potency ranking?
DHT and testosterone from testis andorstenedione from adrenal glands potency: DHT\> testosterone \> androstenedione
51
what converts testosterone to DHT?
enzyme 5alpha reductase
52
in the male, androgens are converted to estrogen by
cytp450 aromatase
53
testosterone functions
- differentiates male genitalia except the prostate - growth spurt: increased penis size, sperm, muscles, RBCs, and seminal vesicles - deepens voice - libido - closes epiphyseal plates
54
DHT functions
early --\> differentiates penis, scrotum, and PROSTATE late --\> prostate growth, balding, sebaceous gland activity

Repro First Aid (8 decks)

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