anatomy

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

venous gonadal drainage

Answer 3

left ovary/testis –> left gonadal vein –> left renal vein –> IVC

right ovary/testis –> right gonadal vein –> IVC

**LEFT TAKES THE LONG WAY**

Question 4

why is a varicocele more likely on the left side?

Answer 4

left spermatic veine nters the left renal vein at a 90 degree angle so flow is less contonious then the right side –> left venous pressure is higher than the right –> left more likely to varicocele

Question 5

gonadal lymphatic drainage

Answer 5

ovaries/testes –> para-aortic lymph nodes

distal vagina/vulva/scrotum –> superficial inguinal nodes

proximal vagina/uterus –> obturator, external iliac and hypogastric lymph nodes

Question 6

infundibulopelvic ligament

Answer 6

suspensory ligament of the ovaries

connects ovaries to lateral pelvic wall; contains ovarian vessels

Question 7

during an oophorectomy, ligate which vessels to avoid bleeding?

Answer 7

ovarian vessels

Question 8

what is at risk during an oophorectomy?

Answer 8

ureter courses retroperitoneally, close to gonadal vessels!! at risk of ligation!

Question 9

cardinal ligament

Answer 9

connects the cervix to the side wall of pelvis

contains uterine vessels

Question 10

during hysterectomy, what do you ligate to avoid bleeding? what is at risk?

Answer 10

ligate the uterine vessels

and the ureter is at risk!

Question 11

round ligament of the uterus

Answer 11

connects the uterine fundus to labia majora

derivative of the gubernaculum and travels through the round inguinal canal

Question 12

broad ligament

Answer 12

connects the uterus, fallopian tubes, and the ovaries to the pelvic side wall

contains ovaries, fallopian tubes, and round ligaments of the uterus

made up of three components = mesosalpinx, mesometrium, and mesovarium

Question 13

three parts of the broad ligament

Answer 13

mesosalpinx, mesometrium, mesovarium

Question 14

ovarian ligament

Answer 14

connects medial pole of ovary to lateral uterus

derived from gubernaculum

“ovarian Ligament Latches to Lateral uterus”

Question 15

female reproductive histology

1- vagina

2 - ectocervix

3 - endocervix

4 - transformation zone

5 - uterus

6- fallopian tube

7 - ovary outer surface

Answer 15

1 - stratified squamous epi, nonkeratinized

2 - stratified squamous epi, nonkeratinized

3 - simple columnar epi

4 - squamocolumnar junction

5 - simple columnar epithelium with long tubular glands

6 - simple columnar epi, many ciliated cels, a few secretory (peg) cells

7 - simple cuboidal epi (germinal epi covering surface of ovary)

Question 16

most common location for cervical cancer?

Answer 16

transformation zone = squamocolumnar junction

Question 17

female sexual response cycle (1,2,3,4)

what mediates it?

Answer 17

4 steps –> excitement (uterus elevates/vaginal lubrication), plateau (expansion of inner vagina), orgasm (contraction of uterus), and resolution

mediated by the ANS; causes tachycardia and skin flushing

Question 18

Question 19

Question 20

Question 21

pathway of sperm during ejaculation

Answer 21

SEVEN UP

Seminiferous tubules

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Ejaculatory ducts

(Nothing) Urethra

Penis

Question 22

erection is controlled by:

emission is controlled by:

Answer 22

parasympathetic nervous system (Point)

sympathetic nervous system (Shoot)

Question 23

erection mechanism

1) NO –>
2) norepinephrine –>

Answer 23

NO –> increases cGMP –> smooth muscle relaxation –> vasodilation –> proerectile

norepinephrine –> increases Ca influx –> smooth muscle contraction –> vasoconstriction –> antierectile

Question 24

nerve that controls erection?

nerve that controls emission?

Answer 24

erection by pelvic nerve (parasympathetic)

emission by hypogastric nerve (Sympathetic)

Question 25

ejaculation control

Answer 25

visceral and somatic nerves | (pudendal nerve)

Question 26

how do vildenafil/sildenafil work?

Answer 26

they increase/lengthen erection! by inhibiting cGMP breakdown --\> can last longer

Question 27

spermatogonia function and location?

Answer 27

maintain germ pool and produce spermatocytes they line the seminiferous tubules

Question 28

leydig cells location and function?

Answer 28

located in interstitium of seminiferous tubules they secrete testosterone in the prescence of LH; testosterone production is unaffected by temperature

Question 29

sertoli cells location and function?

Answer 29

located in seminiferous tubules Sertoli cells Support Sperm Synthesis - secrete androgen binding protein --\> maintain testosterone levels - tight junctions form a blood-testis barrier --\> isolates gametes from immune attack - support and nourish spermatozoa - produce MIF

Question 30

sertoli cells or leydig cells: which is temperature sensitive?

Answer 30

sertoli cells are Sensitive when T increases, sperm production decreases and decreased inhibin --increased temperature is seen in varicocele and cryptorchidism

Question 31

cryptorchidism

Answer 31

absence of one on more testes

Question 32

Question 33