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Physiology Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

What promotes the conversion to testes?

A

Testis-determining factor

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2
Q

What do seminiferous tubules produce?

A

Sperm

Sertoli cells

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3
Q

What cells secrete testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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4
Q

When do the testes descend into the scrotum?

A

Shortly befor birth

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5
Q

Define Tunica Albiginea

A

Fibrous capsule of the testes

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6
Q

Define Tunica Vaginalis

A

Surrounding the seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

Define Testes

A

Egg-shaped structures outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotum

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8
Q

Where do the testicular arteries branch from?

A

Abdominal aorta

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9
Q

What helps to cool off the warm blood from the testicular arteries?

A

Pampiniform plexus

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10
Q

When do the testicles descend?

A

7-12 weeks fetal life

7-9 months fetal life

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11
Q

Why is testicular descent important?

A

Risk of hernias

Increased risk of testicular cancer

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12
Q

Function of the Scrotum

A

Houses testes

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13
Q

Muscles that Affect the Surface Area of the Scrotum

A 
Dartos muscle (wrinkles)
Cremaster (elevates)
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14
Q

Site of Sperm Production

A

Seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

Path of Sperm from Testes to Vagina

A 
Seminiferous tubules
Efferent ducts
Epididymus
Vas deferens (Ductus deferens)
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra (prostatic)
Penis
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16
Q

How do sperm move from the efferent ducts to the epididymus?

A

Peristaltic movements

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17
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

Secrete fluid high in fructose (energy for sperm to swim)
Excrete prostaglandins: increases muscle contraction & helps with cervical mucus
70% of semen fluid

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18
Q

Prostate Gland

A

Fibromuscular gland

Add fluid to the semen (make it more alkaline)

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19
Q

2 Issues with the Prostate Gland

A

BPH

Cancer

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20
Q

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper Glands)

A

Helps to become more alkaline

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21
Q

Where does seminal fluid come from?

A

Genital ducts

Accessory organs

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22
Q

Define Penis

A

Shaft that ends in a tip

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23
Q

Define Glans Penis

A

Tip of the penis

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24
Q

Define Foreskin

A

Loose skin of the penis shaft folds to cover the glans

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25
Portions of the Penis
Corpus cavernosa | Corpus spongiosum
26
Hormone Path to Leydig Cells
GnRH LH Gonads Testosterone (negative feedback loop)
27
Hormone Path to Sertoli Cells
GnRH FSH Inhibin (negative feedback loop)
28
Endocrine Function of the Testes
Differentiation of male genital tract during fetal development Induces development of primary and secondary sex characteristics Anabolic effects Promotes spermatogenesis & maturation of sperm Stimulates erythropoiesis
29
Testosterone on Development of Primary & Secondary Sex Characteristics
``` Gonadal function External genitalia & accessory organs Male voice timbre Male skin characteristics Male hair distribution ```
30
Anabolic Effects of Testosterone
Promotes protein metabolism Promotes musculoskeletal growth Influences subcutaneous fat distribution
31
What can low testosterone lead to?
Anemia
32
Function of Sertoli Cells
Envelope spermatids for processing before release in lumen | AKA: protect & nurture sperm
33
Function of Leydig Cells
Produce testosterone
34
What hormone is significantly responsible for male hormonal effects?
Testosterone
35
How does differentiation occur in the fetus?
hCG from mom stimulates testosterone secretion in the fetal testes
36
Primary Sexual Characteristics due to Testosterone during Puberty
Growth of penis Growth of scrotum Growth of testes
37
Secondary Sexual Characteristics due to Testosterone at Puberty
``` Distribution of body hair Baldness (lack of) Deepened voice Skin: increases thickness, prone to acne Muscular development Bone growth Bone density Calcium retention ```
38
Define Intersex
Both ovarian & testicular tissue present in the body
39
Causes of Low Testosterone
``` Hypogonadism Trauma to Leydig cells Mumps after puberty Meds/Chemo Testicular tumors HIV/AIDS ETOH ```
40
Define Primary Hypogonadism
Lack of response in the testes to LH or FSH (similar to menopause in women)
41
Define Secondary Hypogonadism
Decreased sensitivity of LH or FSH to GnRH
42
Define Tertiary Hypogonadism
Decreased or no production of GnRH from the hypothalamus resulting in decreased or no production of LH or FSH from the pituitary gland
43
Male Reproductive Functions
Spermatogenesis | Male sexual act
44
Other Functions of Sertoli Cells
``` Form blood-testes barrier Secrete inhibin Phagocytize residual bodies Secrete androgen-binding protein Secrete plasminogen activator ```
45
Importance of Blood-Testes Barrier in Sertoli Cells
Prevents auto-immune destruction of sperm
46
Function of Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)
Binds testosterone & concentrates in the tubules
47
Paracrine Regulators of Spermatogenesis
IGF-1 Inhibin Transforming growth factor FSH
48
Function of Transforming Growth Factor
Leads to cell differentiation
49
Function of the Epididymis
Maturation of the sperm
50
Where are most of the mature sperm stored?
Vas Deferens (ampulla)
51
Hormonal Influences in Spermatogenesis
FSH: spermatogonia into spermatocytes Testosterone: final maturation of sperm (stimulated by LH)
52
Seminal Vesicle Secretions
Mucoid material containing fructose, citric acid, prostaglandins, & fibrinogen
53
Define Semen
Fluid from vas deferent, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, and glands throughout the urethra
54
Define Oligospermia
Sperm count
55
Define Vasectomy
Ductus deferent cut & tied | Interfere with sperm transport
56
Responsibilities of the Epididymis
Maturational changes Resistance to pH changes & temperature Storage of sperm between ejaculation
57
Responsibility of the Ductus (vas) Deferens
Carry sperm from epididymis into pelvic cavity
58
Secretions of the Prostate Gland
Alkaline fluid Citric acid Calcium Coagulation proteins
59
Parasympathetic Activity in the Male Sexual Act
Erection "Point" | Lubrication
60
Sympathetic Activity in the Male Sexual Act
Emission | Ejaculation "Shoot"
61
Define Emission
Contraction of vas deferent & ampulla to cause expulsion of sperm into internal urethra, seminal vesicles, & prostate gland forcing sperm forwards
62
Define Ejaculation
Rhythmic release of ejaculate
63
Secretion of the Prostate Gland
Milky fluid containing citrate, calcium, among other items with pH of 6.5-7.5
64
Function of Prostate Secretions
Nourish & protect sperm
65
Function of Alpha-Blockers on the Prostate Gland
Relax the muscles around the urethra in men with symptoms form an enlarged prostate
66
Function of 5-alpha-reductase Inhibitors on the Prostate Gland
Reduce the level of dihydrotestosterone, therefore shrinking the prostate
67
4 Layers of the Bladder
Serosa Smooth muscle fibers: detrusor muscle Submucosal layer Transitional epithelium
68
Innervation of the Detrusor Muscle
Parasympathetic
69
What muscle of the bladder is under voluntary control?
External sphincter
70
Causes of Urinary Obstruction or Stasis
Congenital narrowing of external meatus Sacral nerves damage Compression of urethra (enlarged prostate) Urethral strictures (STDs) Compression of bladder neck or urethra from tumors Constipation & fecal impaction can compress urethra
71
Where does spermatogenesis begin?
Hypothalamus & pituitary

Urology (12 decks)

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