Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Flash Card > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenoreceptors

Alpha 2

A

Fat, platelets
Reuptake of NE
Decrease cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adrenoreceptors

Beta 1

A

Heart and kidney

Increase cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adrenoreceptors

Beta 2

A

Smooth muscle relaxation
Lungs
Increase cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cholinoreceptors

N1

A

Skeletal muscle

Open Na and K channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cholinoreceptors

N2

A

Adrenal medulla

Open Na and K channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cholinoreceptors

M1

A

Head and neck
Increase Ip3
Increase Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cholinoreceptors

M2

A

Heart
Increase IP3
Increase Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cholinoreceptors

M3

A

GI
Increase IP3
Increase Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Plasma Osmolarity formula

A

2 x plasma Na + glucose/18 + BUN/28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

NaKATPase pump

A

TOKEN

Two K in, 3 Na out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Phenylalanine derivatives

A

Pare, True, Love, Does, Not, Exist, To, Me

Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
L-DOPA
Dopamine
Nor-Epinephrine
Epinephrine 
Thyroid hormones
Melanin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Enzyme needed tyrosine to L DOPA

A

Tyrosine Indroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

L Dopa to dopamine

A

Dopa Decarboxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DOPA to NE

A

Dopa B Hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

NE to Epi

A

PENMT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tryptophan derivatives

A

MSN

Melatonin
Serotonin (median raphe)
Niacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Meissners corpuscles

A

Fast acting type 1
Non hairy specialy fingertips and lips
Movement of objects, decrease low freq vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Merkel’s disc

A 
Slow acting type 1
Expanded tip tactile receptor or IGGO done receptor
Continous touch (steady staff signals) determines TEXTURE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ruffinis end organs

A

Slow acting type 2
Deep skin, joints and internal tissues
Pressure, temp, degree for joint rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Fast acting type 2
Onion like skin deep fascia
Deep pressure, increase frequency vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Physiology of sleep

Stage 1

A

Alpha and Theta waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Physiology of sleep

Stage 2

A

Theta waves, K complexes

Sleep spindles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Physiology of sleep

Stage 3

A

Delta + sleep spindles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Physiology of sleep

Stage 4

A

Delta waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Physiology of sleep

REM

A

Beta waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Physiology of sleep

Stage 1-4

A

<90 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Physiology of sleep

REM occurs every

A

90 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Physiology of sleep

Stage 1&2

A

Light sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Physiology of sleep

Stage 3&4

A

Deeper slow wave sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Physiology of sleep

REM description

A

Increase brain activity
Dreaming
Erection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Physiology of sleep

Possible cause of active inhibitory process

A

Muramyl peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Physiology of sleep

Alpha
Beta
Theta
Delta

A

Alpha- awake, eyes closed
Beta- awake, eyes open
Theta- brain disorders/degeneration
Delta- deep sleep, infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Microtubules

Kinesin

A

Kinesin - kumakalat

Transfer substances from center to periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Microtubules

Dynein

A

Dine in

Transports substances from periphery to center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Reflection coefficient/ osmotic coefficient

A

O=1 a1bumin - no solute penetration

O=o Orea- complete solute penetration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Glut transporters

A 
1- brain, RBC
2- liver and pancreas
3- brain, neurons, placenta
4- muscle and adipose (insulin requiring)
5- small intestine (luminal membrane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Bohr effect

A

Due to increase Co2, O2 is delivered to body tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Haldane effect

A

Due to increase O2, CO2 expired to environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve

Shift to the right

A 
Increase pCO2
Increase 2,3-DPG
Increase temperature
Increase H
Decrease pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Respiratory lung zones

A

Zone 1 decrease Q and V…. Increase V/Q and O2

Zone 3 increase Q and V….. Decrease V/Q and O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

MEN 1

A

Werners syndrome

Parathyroid tumor
Pituitary tumor (prolactin/GH)
Pancreatic (zes, insulinomas, vipomas, glucagonomas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

MEN 2 A

A

Parathyroid Tumor
MTC (calcitonin)
Pheochromocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

MEN 2B

A

Oral/intestine neuromas
MTC (calcitonin)
Pheochromocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Sites of absorption

Duodenum

A

Vitamin C

Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Sites of absorption

Jejunum

A 
CHON
CHO
FAT
water 
Folate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Sites of absorption

Ileum

A

ADEK
B12
Intrinsic factor
Bile salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Hormone that will increase appetite

A

Neuroceptor Y

Ghrelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Hormone that will decrease appetite

A

Peptide YY

POMC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Primary polydipsia

A 
Decrease serum ADH
Decrease serum Na
Hypo osmolarity
Increase urine flow
\+ CH2O
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Central DI

A 
Decrease serum ADH
Increase serum Na (too much water excretion )
Hypo osmolarity
Increase urine flow
\+ CH2O

Tx- DDAVP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Nephrogenic DI

A

Increase serum ADH due to increase plasma osmolarity
Increase serum Na, due to too much water excretion
Hypo urine osmolarity
Increase urine outflow
+ CH2O

Resistant to ADH
tx- thiazides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Water deprivation

A 
Increase serum ADH
Increase or normal serum Na
Hyper osmolarity
Decrease urine flow
- CH2O
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

SIADH

A 
Increase serum ADH
decrease serum Na
Hyper osmolarity
Decrease urine flow
- CH2O

Tx- demeclocyline

SIADH small cell lung CA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Trio of electrolytes

A

Increase H= increase Ca and K

Vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Renal K regulation

A

Principal cells - reabsorb Na, secretes K

Intercalated Cells- reabsorb K, secretes H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Increase aldosterone

A

Reabsorption of Na

Secretions of H and K

57
Q

Vasoconstrictors

A 
ADH
Serotonin
Endothelin
PGF, TXA3
NE, EPI
Angiotensin 2
58
Q

Vasodilators

A 
PGI2 (prostacyclin)
Nitric Oxide
PGE
Lactate, Adenosine
Bradykinin  histamine
H, CO2, K
ANP
59
Q

Frank starling mechanism

A

Increase Venous return - increase stroke volume - increase Cardiac Output

60
Q

Bainbridge reflex

A

Increase VR- Increase HR- increase CO

61
Q

Cushing reaction/reflex

A

Hypertension - due to CNS ischemic response
Bradycardia- baroreceptors reflex, increase parasympathetic
Irregular Respiratory- + herniation

62
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Carotid sinus- 50-180mmHg, CN IX
Aortic arch- >80mmHg, CN X

They will lead to nucleus tractus solitarius

63
Q

Diuretics

Acetazolamide

A

Na H exchange at PCT

SE- hepatic enceph

For Glaucoma and mountain sickness

64
Q

Mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretics
Works on all parts except TAL

For Rhabdomyolysis, hemoysis, increase CP and glaucoma

65
Q

Diuretics

Furosemide

A

A loop diuretic
Na/K/2Cl co transporter

SE: decrease K, Ca, Mg. Ototoxic, nephrotoxic, gout

For HF, PE, HTN, anion overdose, ARF

66
Q

Diuretics

K sparing

A

Spirinolcatone SE: gynecomastia, anti androgenic

Amiloride- ENaC INH

For - hypo aldosteronism, hypokalemia, HTN, heart failure

67
Q

Diuretics

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

NaCL reabsorption at DCT

SE: HYPER GLUC (glycemia, lipidemia, uricemia, calcemia)

For HTN, HF, renal calcium stones, nephrogenic DI

Synergistic loop diuretics

68
Q

Sources Stimulus Actions

Gastrin

A

G cells (Antrum of the stomach)

Small peptides, stomach distention, vagus nerve (bombesin)

Increase gastric H and Increase gastric mucosa growth

69
Q

Sources Stimulus Actions

Secretin

A

S cells (duodenum)

H in duodenum and Fatty acids

Increase pancreatic HCO3 and Increase Biliary HCO3

70
Q

Sources Stimulus Actions

CCK

A

I cells (duodenum and jejunum)

Fatty acids (monoglycerides, small peptides, AA)

Decrease gastric emptying
Increase bile secretion/contraction

71
Q

Sources Stimulus Actions

GIP (incretin)

A

K cells (duodenum)

Oral glucose (FAT, AA)

Increase insulin secretion

72
Q

Sources Stimulus Actions

Motilin

A

M cells (stomach,duodenum, jejunum)

Fasting

Increase inter digestive or migrating myoelectric complex

73
Q

Part of the brain functions

Cerebral cortex

A

Right- facial expression, intonation, body language

Left- language

74
Q

Part of the brain functions

Frontal lobe

A

Motor
Personality
Circulation

75
Q

Part of the brain functions

Parietal lobe

A

Somatosensory

76
Q

Part of the brain functions

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing
Optic pathway (meyer’s loop)
Memory storage

77
Q

Part of the brain functions

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

78
Q

Part of the brain functions

Medulla

A 
Vasomotor
DRG,VRG
coughing
Vomiting
Swallowing
79
Q

Part of the brain functions

Pons

A

Micturition
Pneumotaxic
Apneustic centers

80
Q

Part of the brain functions

Thalamus

A

Relay center

Retrograde amnesia

81
Q

Part of the brain functions

Hippocampus

A

Reward and punishment

Helps create new memories (anterograde amnesia)

82
Q

Part of the brain functions

Cerebellum

A

Balance

83
Q

Type 1 muscle fibers

One small slow red ox with good posture

A 
Smaller size than type 2
Slower
Red muscle
Oxidative
Seen in postural muscles
84
Q

Control of muscles

Alpha motor neuron

A

Extrafusal fibers (contraction )

Golgi Tendon - detects muscle Tension

85
Q

Control of muscles

Gamma motor neurons

A

Intrafusal fibers (muscle spindles)

Muscle spindLes - detects muscle Length and rate of change in Length

86
Q

Jod-basedow phenomenon

A

Increase iodine –> excess iodine –> HYPERthyroidism

HYPER si JB

87
Q

Wolff- Chaikoff effect

A

Increase Iodine–> inhibits organification and hormone synthesis–> HYPOthyroidism

88
Q

Alveolar Blood Gas Exchange

Perfusion Limited

A

N2O
CO2
O2 at REST

89
Q

Alveolar Blood Gas Exchange

Diffusion Limited

A

CO
O2 in EXERCISE
Empysema, Fibrosis

90
Q

Defecation

Odor

A

Mercaptan
Indole
Skatole
Hydrogen sulfide

91
Q

Defecation

Color

A

Stercobolin

92
Q

Defecation

Combustible Material

A

Methane

93
Q

Stimulates HCL secretion

A

Histamine
ACH
Gastrin

94
Q

Lung Capacities

Normal VC

A

500ml

95
Q

Lung Capacities

Obstructive Lung disease

A

FEV1- double decrease
FVC - decrease
FEV1/FVC - decrease

96
Q

Lung Capacities

Restrictive Lung disease

A

FEV1 - decrease
FVC- double decrease
FEV1/FVC- increase

97
Q

Lung Capacities

Anatomic dead space

A

150ml

98
Q

Lung Capacities

Alveolar dead space

A

O ml

99
Q

Lung Capacities

Minute ventilation formula

A

TV x breaths/min

100
Q

Lung Capacities

Alveolar ventilation formula

A

(TV- physiologic dead space) x breaths/min

101
Q

Effects of RAAS

A 
Systemic Vasoconstriction (increase TPR)
Local Vasoconstrictor (efferent>afferent)
Increase aldosterone secretion (adrenal cortex)
Increase ADH (posterior pituitary)
Increase Na/H activity at PCT
Increase thirst ( hypothalamus)
102
Q

Vitamin D synthesis

1st activation

A

Calciferol (cholecalciferol) —-> calcidiol (25-OH-Cholecalciferol)

Activate in the liver

103
Q

Vitamin D synthesis

2nd activation

A

Calcidiol (25-OH-Cholecalciferol)—-> Calcitriol (1,25 (OH)2 - cholecalciferol)

Happen in kidney

104
Q

Adrenal Gland

Zona glomerulosa

A

Aldosterone

105
Q

Adrenal Gland

Zona fasciculata

A

Cortisol

106
Q

Adrenal Gland

Zona reticularis

A

DHEA

Androstenedione

107
Q

Adrenal Gland

Medulla

A

Epinephrine 80%

Norepinephrine 20%

108
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

I- bONEs, tendONE
II- carTWOlage
III- reTHREEculin
IV- under the four. (Basement Membrane)

109
Q

Mueller cells

A

Retinal glial cells, maintains internal geometry

110
Q

Eye physio

P cells

A

Color
Form
Fine details

111
Q

Eye physio

M cells

A

IlluMination

Movement

112
Q

Eye physio

W cells

A

Unknown function Whaaat?

113
Q

Eye physio

Relaxed ciliary muscle

A

Tensed suspensory ligaments

Flattened lens

114
Q

Eye physio

Contracted ciliary muscle

A

Relaxed suspensory ligaments

Thickened lens

115
Q

Eye physio

RODS

A 
Not present at fovea
Night vision
Narrow, longer
Rhodopsin
Decrease visual activity
116
Q

Eye physio

Cones

A 
Present at Fovea
Daylight
Wide, shorter
Blue, green, red
Increase visual activity
117
Q

Fast pain vs Slow pain

A

Fast pain - superficial, type A - delta
NT- glutamate

Slow pain - tissue destruction, type C fibers
NT- Substance P

118
Q

Parasympathetic

PLASMA

A 
Parasympathetic
Long pre ganglionic tract
Ach used
Short post ganglionic tract
Muscarinic receptors
Ach used
119
Q

Foramen of Magendie

A

Medial

120
Q

Foramen of Luschka

A

Lateral

121
Q

CFS pathway

Let Me Take Sylvia for Lunch, Maybe Somewhere at Ayala

A 
Lat ventricles
foramen of Monroe
Third ventricles 
aqueduct of Sylvus
foramen of Luschka and Magendie
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid granulations
122
Q

Tumor lysis syndrome

A

Hyperkalemia
Hyper uricemia
Hyperphophatemia
Hypocalcemia

123
Q

Electrolytes Disorder

Hyponatremia

A

MCC- renal losses
Early- nausea/vomiting
Severe- seizure, cerebral edema

124
Q

Electrolytes Disorder

Hypernatremia

A

MCC- diarrhea
1st sign - thirst
Altered sensorium

125
Q

Electrolytes Disorder

Hypokalemia

A

ECG- flat T wave, U waves

Muscle weakness, arrhytmias

126
Q

Electrolytes Disorder

Hyperkalemia

A

ECG- peaked T waves, wide QRS

Severe - sinusoidal pattern

127
Q

Electrolytes Disorder

Hypocalcemia

A

ECG- prolonged QT

Tetany, seizures

128
Q

Electrolytes Disorder

Hypercalcemia

A

Stones, bones, groans, psychiatric overtones

129
Q

Electrolytes Disorder

Hypomagnesemia

A

ECG- non specific, increase QT, PVCs

Tetany, torsades de pointes

130
Q

Electrolytes Disorder

Hypermagnesemia

A

Decrease DTRs,
Bradycardia,
Decrease BP
Hypocalcemia

131
Q

Electrolytes Disorder

Hypo PO4

A

Bone loss

Osteomalacia

132
Q

Electrolytes Disorder

Hyper PO4

A

Renal stone
Metastatic Calcifications
Hypocalcemia

133
Q

Hematopoiesis

Young Liver Synthesizes Blood

A

Yolk sac –> Liver/Spleen –> Bone Marrow –>

134
Q

Complement System

Opsonization

A

C3b

135
Q

Complement System

Anaphylatoxin

A

C3a
C4a
C5a

136
Q

Complement System

Chemotactic to WBCs

A

C5a

Sakay ng TAXI sa C5

137
Q

Complement System

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

A

C5b - C9

138
Q

Hemostasis

A

Vascular Constriction
Platelet plug formation
Blood coagulation
Resolution

139
Q

Adrenoreceptors

Alpha 1

A

Smooth muscle contraction
Increase IP3
Increase Ca

Flash Card (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions