Physiology

Question 1

Functions of kidneys.

Answer 1

Ph
Osmolarity
Ion concentration 
Excrete waste-toxins 
Extra cellular fluid volume
Hormones production

Question 2

Where is the filtration taking place?

Answer 2

Renal corpuscle (glomeruli + bowman capsule)

Question 3

Where is the reabsorption + secretion taking place?

Answer 3

Renal tubules ( proximal, loop, distal)

Question 4

Which are the substances that will leak into Bowman capsule?

Answer 4

Water
Glucose
Amino acids 
Ions (Sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphate, chloride)
Creatinine 
Urea

Question 5

Substances that BC can’t infiltrate normally?

Answer 5

Blood cells

Proteins

Question 6

What does erythropoietin do?

Answer 6

Helps with red blood cell production

Question 7

What does renin do?

Answer 7

Regulates the blood pressure

- if BP low, kidney release renin into bloodstream

Question 8

For what potassium is responsible for?

Answer 8

Maintaining normal heart rhythm

Regulate activity of muscles, water balance, acid base balance

Question 9

Values for hyperkalemia.

Answer 9

Mild: 5,5-5,9
Moderate: 6,0-6,4
Severe: 6,5

Question 10

Causes of hyperkalemia.

Answer 10

1. Pseudokalemia: blood draw with tourniquet ( destroy blood cells &release potassium into blood)
2. Metabolic acidosis
3. Insulin deficiency (potassium from blood into cell->normally)
4. Hyperglycemia (uncontrolled diabetes)
5. Cell damage ( high exercise), rabdomiolysis, tumoral lysis
6. Mass blood transfusion
7. Renal failure
8. Hypoaldosteronism (when not much aldosterone to excrete K -> addison’s disease)
9. Responsiveness to aldosterone ( receptors damage)

Question 11

Symptoms of hyperkalemia.

Answer 11

Muscle weakness (lead to paralysis)
Heart problems ( ecg-> peaked, T wave, wide QRS, p absent/short)
Bradycardia, tachycardia

Question 12

Hypervolemic hyponatremia

Answer 12

When low sodium in blood

Excess interstitial fluid (edema)