Physiology and clinical aspects of hearing and balance

Question 1

What does the middle ear do in hearing?

Answer 1

Transforms acoustic energy from the medium of air to the medium of fluid
Acts as a sound amplifier

Question 2

What is the ratio of tympanic membrane to stapes footplate?

Answer 2

17:1

Question 3

What are the possible pathologies of the middle ear?

Answer 3

Effusion
Perforation
Eroded incus
Otosclerosis

Question 4

What is otosclerosis?

Answer 4

Boe deposition in the ligament around the oval window preventing movement

Question 5

What are the 2 parts of the inner ear?

Answer 5

Bony labyrinth

Membranous labyrinth

Question 6

What is the function of the inner ear in hearing?

Answer 6

Perception of sound and frequency

Question 7

How is frequency perceived?

Answer 7

Part of basilomembrane that vibrates the most

Question 8

What makes frequency detected lower?

Answer 8

The deeper into the ear the basilomembrane vibrates

Question 9

How can hearing be assessed?

Answer 9

Tuning fork tests
Audiometry
Objective testing

Question 10

What are the 2 types of tuning fork tests?

Answer 10

Weber

Rinne

Question 11

What does the Weber test do?

Answer 11

Test of lateralisation

Question 12

What does the Rinne test do?

Answer 12

Test of bone conduction compared to air conduction

Question 13

Wha are the types of audiometry?

Answer 13

Pure tone
Visual reinforcement
Play
Tympanometry

Question 14

What does pure tone audiometry test?

Answer 14

Determines the finest tones a person can hear at selected frequencies

Question 15

What does tympanometry test?

Answer 15

Motility of eardrum

Assists in detection of fluid in middle ear, perforation of eardrum or wax blocking ear canal

Question 16

How is objective testing carried out?

Answer 16

Cochlea stimulated, causing vibrations that can be measured in the middle ear

Question 17

How is hearing loss managed?

Answer 17

Surgery
Sound amplification
Direct stimuli of cochlear nerve cells
Intracochlear modification

Question 18

What are the 3 inputs in balance?

Answer 18

Visual
Vestibular
Proprioceptive

Question 19

What does vestibular input to balance use?

Answer 19

Rotation

Gravity

Question 20

What does proprioceptive input to balance use?

Answer 20

Pressure

Question 21

What does the vestibule contain?

Answer 21

Urticle and saccule

Question 22

What does the measure?

Answer 22

Lateral acceleration

Question 23

What does the saccule measure?

Answer 23

Vertical acceleration

Question 24

What do the anterior and posterior semicircular canals measure?

Answer 24

angular accelerator detectors

Question 25

How do the semi circular canals help with balance?

Answer 25

As you turn, fluid moves in canal in opposite direction to canal

Question 26

What are the conditions of the inner ear affecting balance?

Answer 26

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Vestibular neuritis Meniere's disease

Question 27

What are th clinical conditions affecting balance?

Answer 27

Migraine