Physiology and Pharm

Question 1

Negative emotions are processed in the __ hemi; positive emotions are processed in the __ hemi

Answer 1

Negative = right; Positive = left (damage to LH then can cause catastrophizing)

Question 2

Reward pathway associated with refinorcing effects of alcohol and drugs

Answer 2

Mesolimbic pathway (VTA to nucleus acc); positive sx of schiz

Question 3

4 dopamine pathways

Answer 3

MMNT
Mesocortical (VTA to PFC; neg schiz)
Mesolimbic (VTA to nucleus acc; pos schiz)
Nigrostriatal (sub. nigra to striatum; motor)
Tuberoinfundibular (hypothalamus to pituitary)

Question 4

Neurotransmitter associated with depression, sleep prob, and cog problems in PD?

Answer 4

norepinephrine loss in locus cureleus

glutamate associated with progression of PD

Question 5

Apathetic-akinetic syndrome is associated with damage to where

Answer 5

Medial PFC damage

Question 6

Conduction aphasia

Answer 6

Damage to arcuate fasiculus; impaired repetition with spared comprehension and fluency

Question 7

Hemispatial neglect is most common on what side of the body

Answer 7

Left side (because right parietal lobe is dominant spatial attention area)

Question 8

Gerstmann’s syndrome is characterized by damage to the _____ parietal lobe

Answer 8

Left parietal lobe

Question 9

The pons, cerebellum, and medulla are all part of the

Answer 9

hindbrain

Question 10

2 Ls of the left hemisphere

Answer 10

Language and logic

Question 11

Perception of pain and schizophrenia positive symptoms are associated with what neuroanatomical area

Answer 11

thalamus

Question 12

Neuroanatomical area associated with Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Answer 12

amygdala + temporal lobes

removal of amygdala = decreased aggression, but increased apathy, hypersexuality, hyerphagia

Question 13

area that moderates aggression; damage can cause rage

Answer 13

Septum (allows you to simmer down)

Question 14

Is the overall role of the basal ganglia inhibitory or disinhibtory?

Answer 14

Inhibitory - the INDIRECT pathway increases inhibition (turns motor activity down)

Question 15

In a neuron, at rest there is a ____ of sodium outside the cell; when an action potential is triggered, sodium then rushes _____

Answer 15

At rest, there is excess sodium OUTSIDE THE CELL (so neuron is negatively charged)

Action potential: sodium rushes INTO the cell and potassium moves out

Question 16

Mania occurs where there is too much of X, depression occurs where there is too little of X

Answer 16

norepinephrine

Question 17

Does the forebrain include subcortical structures?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

Two types of cells in the nervous system

Answer 18

Neurons
Glia (structural support - produces myelin, insulation, and nutrients)

Question 19

Excess dopamine in the caudate nucleus is linked to ____

Answer 19

Tourettes

Question 20

Neurotransmitter involved in movement and memory

Answer 20

acetylcholine

Question 21

Migraines, OCD, bulemia, and suicide are all linked to low levels of what?

Anorexia is associated with high levels of what?

Answer 21

serotonin

Question 22

Degeneration of these neurotransmitters is associated with Huntington’s

Answer 22

GABA and Ach in basal ganglia

Question 23

Two motor symptoms of Huntington’s

Answer 23

Athetosis (slow writhing movements)

Chorea (fast, jerky movements)

Question 24

Event-based prospective memory (remembering to give your coworker a message when you see her) is associated with what anatomical area

Answer 24

PFC

Question 25

Kandel's slug studies revealed that short-term memory depends on ____, whereas long-term memory depends on _____

Answer 25

``` STM = release of serotonin LTM = new synapses and changes in neuron structure ```

Question 26

Long-term potentiation

Answer 26

Occurs in a neuron as a result of rapid/high freq stimulation; plays role in LTM First observed in glutatmate receptors in hippocampus Depends on RNA synthesis

Question 27

Most dreams occur in what stage of sleep

Answer 27

REM sleep; as the night progresses, the duration of REM sleep increases

Question 28

The 4 stages of REM sleep are evident by what age in humans

Answer 28

6 mo

Question 29

Older adults spend less time in what sleep stage

Answer 29

deep sleep (stages 3 and 4) and they have more distrubted REM sleep throughout the night; older adults have advanced sleep phase (going to sleep earlier and waking up earlier)

Question 30

Which results in weight loss, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?

Answer 30

Hyperthyroidism (with increased appetite); sweating, diarrhea, palpitations, fatigue, insomnia); Graves disease is most common form of hyperthroidism

Question 31

Classic diabetes symptoms (3 Ps)

Answer 31

polyuria (increased urination) polydipsia (increased thirst) polyphagia (increased appetite) Hyperglycemia is diagnostic

Question 32

Kailyn's fiance who never hit puberty probably has problems with

Answer 32

Hypopituitarism

Question 33

Addison's disease results from too little ___ whereas Cushing's results from too much ___

Answer 33

corticosteroids

Question 34

Which is more accurate for detecting differences between stimuli at extreme intensities, Weber's Law or Fechner's

Answer 34

Fechners (logarithmic relationship instead of Weber which proposed constant relationship)

Question 35

Which theory of emotion supports the facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 35

James-Lange (Stimulus -> physiological response -> Emotion)

Question 36

According to Cannon-Bard theory, where emotion and physiological arousal occur together at the same time, do emotions produce different physiological arousal?

Answer 36

No; so differences in emotional reactions are NOT becasue of differences in arousal

Question 37

Excitation transfer theory

Answer 37

Zillman | physical arousal elicited by one event can be transferred to and intensify arousal at a later event

Question 38

Three stages of cognitive appraisal theory

Answer 38

1) Primary appraisal (is the event stressful) 2) Secondary appraisal (what are my options to deal) 3) Reappraisal (do I need to change anything about 1 and 2)

Question 39

Allostasis

Answer 39

the processes that allow the body to adapt to change (i.e., increasing blood pressure to adapt to stressful event); these processes results in an allostatic state that can be maintained for a limited period of time with few consequences, unless allostatic overload occurs and the immune system is weakened

Question 40

What medication was initially developed to treat high blood pressure but is also used for ADHD?

Answer 40

Guanfacine (Intuniv) | Clonidine (Kapvay)

Question 41

LD50

Answer 41

minimum drug dose that had a lethal effect in 50% of the test sample (animal studies) ED50 = minimum drug dose that produced the therapeutic effect in 50% of the test sample

Question 42

Narrow therapeutic window

Answer 42

Drugs are not that safe; occurs when ED50 (effectiveness in 50%) is the same or higher than TD (toxic dose)

Question 43

Key withdrawal symptom of phenobarbital

Answer 43

hallucinations

Question 44

Chronic __________ excitotoxicity has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and several other neurodegenerative disorders.

Answer 44

glutamate

Question 45

Which is more likely to have anticholinergic effects, TCAs or SSRIs

Answer 45

TCA

Question 46

If IM acts more aggressive and goes to boxing class because she thinks she has anger problems like her dad, what is this called

Answer 46

niche-picking

Question 47

neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Answer 47

a rare side effect of neuroleptic drugs that produces hyperthermia, severe muscle rigidity, difficulty swallowing, tachycardia, and altered consciousness. Because NMS is life-threatening, the drug must be discontinued as soon as symptoms develop.

Question 48

Are dreams more likely to be recalled from REM or non-REM sleep?

Answer 48

REM - and more likely to be bizarre and emotional in REM sleep

Question 49

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Answer 49

occur during transition from awake to sleepiness hypnAgogic from Awake to sleepy hynopoMpic in the Morning from sleepy to awake

Question 50

Is ideomotor apraxia associated with the dominant or non-dominant parietal lobe

Answer 50

dominant - left

Question 51

A person taking what drug should avoid eating foods containing tyramine?

Answer 51

MAOI

Question 52

Of the antipsychotic drugs, __________ is most likely to be a side effect of clozapine.

Answer 52

agranulocytosis, which is a rare but potentially fatal blood disorder that’s characterized by an abnormally low level of white blood cells BUT clozapine is less likely to produce motor sx

Question 53

Greatest age related atrophy occurs where in the brain

Answer 53

frontal and parietal lobes

Question 54

Drugs to try next for bipolar if lithium doenst work

Answer 54

carbamazepine and divalproex

Question 55

Another name for active sleep

Answer 55

REM