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Clinical Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

reaction formation

A

defending against an unacceptable impulse by accepting the opposite (Freudian defense mechanism

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2
Q

Examination of free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference are main techniques of what

A

Psychoanalysis

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3
Q

What is the collective unconscious

A

memories that are shared by all people and passed down by generations; part of Jung’s analytical theory;

Contains archetypes (universal thoughts and images that predispose people to act in similar ways; myths, symbols, dreams) - persona, shadow, hero, anima, animus

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4
Q

individuation

A

Primary goal of Jung’s analytical therapy

the process by which a person becomes a psychological individual

Primarily occurs in the second half of life

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5
Q

Who rejected Freud’s focus on sexual instincts and replaced them with social interest/connectedness

A

Adler; also proposed people are motivated by feelings of inferiority

Striving for superiority to overcome inferiority feels via “style of life”

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6
Q

Despite having 3 kids as a single-parent, including one with autism, the therapist does not judge her client who is depressed and anxious over parenting one child with her husband and an au pair. This is an example of what approach

A

Phenomenological

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7
Q

If your love language is gifts but your partner’s is QT and you give gifts for his birthday, this is an example of

A

Retroflection (Gestalt boundary disturbance between self and environment)

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8
Q

Introjection

A

people adopt the beliefs, standards, and values of others without evaluation or awareness

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9
Q

People what to be in homestasis and when there are boundary disturbances between self and environment there is psychological distress.

What theory/approach

A

Gestalt

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10
Q

Neurotic anxiety is distinguished from existential/normal anxiety in what pproach

A

Existential

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11
Q

WDEP (evaluate Wants, Doing for awareness, Evaluate behavior, make Plan) is from what therapy

A

Glasser’s reality therapy based on 5 innate basic needs (love, power, fun, freedom, survival)

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12
Q

4 stages of separation-individuation process according to Mahler

A

differentiation, practicing, rapprochement, and beginning of object constancy

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13
Q

“If i could wave a magic wand and fix all your problems, what would your life look like? How would it be different”

What is this and what therapy is it associated with

A

Miracle question - solution-focused therapy

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14
Q

Transtheoretical model of therapy

A

integrates concepts and strategies from multiple therapeutic approaches and is based on the assumption that strategies are most effective when they match the person’s stage of change.

goal = get to next stage of change

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15
Q

Self-reevaluation and self-liberation (believing change is possible) is consistent with what stage of change in the transtheoretical model

A

Preparation - plan to take action within the next month

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16
Q

According to cybernetic theory, ____ feedback loops resist change and keep status quo, ___ feedback loops amplify change

A 
negative = maintain stability
Positive = amplify change
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17
Q

double-bind communication

A

a person receives two contradictory messages from a family member and is not allowed to comment on the contradiction (Bateson)

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18
Q

What is better for family dynamics, symmetrical or complementary interactions?

A

Exclusively one or the other is problematic

Symmetrical: behavior of one person elicits a similar type of behavior from the other person (escalates because of one-upping)

complementary: reflect inequality and occur when the behavior of one person complements the behavior of the other person (dominant and submissive)

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19
Q

transmission of certain emotional processes from one generation to the next is responsible for the development of schizophrenia in a family member is consistent with what therapy

A

Extended family systems therapy (also called transgenerational therapy - Bowen)

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20
Q

According to Bowen’s extended family systems therapy, do emotional triangles increase or decrease tension

A

decrease

when a family dyad experiences tension, it may recruit a third family member to form an emotional triangle which helps alleviate tension and increase stability.

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21
Q

A child with the least about of differentiation is MORE or LESS likely to have a child with severe psych distress

A

more

child most involved in the family’s emotional system becomes the least differentiated family member and, as an adult, chooses a spouse or partner who has a similar level of differentiation. This couple then transmits an even lower level of differentiation to one of its children. This process continues in subsequent generations and eventually results in the development of severe symptoms in a child.

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22
Q

circular questioning (Milan Systemic Family Therapy)

A

asking each family member the same question to identify differences in perceptions about events and relationships and uncover family communication patterns

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23
Q

What therapy identified these 4 dysfunctional communication styles: placating, blaming, computing, and distracting

A

Conjoint family therapy

Also identified congruent style (verbal and non-verbal messages align)

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24
Q

Instead of saying that a family member is depressed, a ______ therapist would say that depression sometimes causes problems for the person

A

Narrative family therapist

primary goal of narrative family therapy is to replace problem-saturated stories with alternative stories that support more satisfying and preferred outcomes.

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25
What type of family therapy has the following stages: 1) engagement and motivation 2) behavior change 3) generalization
Functional family therapy for at risk adolescents and their families
26
“MST Do-Loop”
Analytic process of MST which is applied in the family's home and in community settings were the problems occur
27
Ideal group size
7 to 10
28
Precondition for other therapeutic factors in group therapy and strongest predictor of positive outcomes
group cohesiveness
29
Adults ages ___ are most likely to die by suicide, whereas young adults (18-24) are most likely to attempt suicide
45-64 Females highest rate of suicide: 45-64 Male highest rate of suicide: 75+ middle aged white men = highest rate
30
Exception questions
used by solution-focused therapists to help clients see that the presenting problem doesn’t always occur and to help them identify solutions to the problem. Parent complaining about bad behavior; therapist asks, what does the child do when they're not behaving poorly
31
Selective abstraction
paying attention to and exaggerating a minor negative detail of a situation while ignoring other aspects of the situation.
32
Arbitrary inference
drawing negative conclusions without any supporting evidence
33
Dogmatic thoughts, according to rational emotive therapy include things like...
Shoulds, oughts, have tos
34
ABCDE model of rational emotive behavioral therapy
``` Activating event Belief about the event (irrational) Consequence (emotional or behavioral) Dispute the belief Effect: replace irrational belief with a more rational one ```
35
First phase of Meichenbaum's self-instructional training
cognitive modeling stage: children observe a model perform a task while the model verbalizes instructions aloud Then children perform the task with verbalization, then they whisper, then no verbal mediation
36
SIT - CSA
Stress innoculation trianing conceptualization/education Skills acquisition and consolidation Application to imagined then real situations
37
George Kelly proposed that internal personal constructs that help us interpret new experiences are marked by what feature
bipolarity (good/bad, relevant/irrelevant, fair/unfair)
38
Caplan's three types of prevention 1) Primary 2) Secondary 3) Tertiatry
Primary - population based prevention (education programs) Secondary - screening risk for specific individuals Tertiary - reduce severity or duration of disorder
39
Gordon's model of prevention 1) Universal 2) selective 3) Indicated
1) Universal - aimed at entire populations regardless of risk 2) selective - aimed at at-risk 3) Indicated - aimed at high-risk (early or minimal signs)
40
___ studies include clinical trials and figure out how well a treatment works within the study; ____ studies apply treatments in more real-world settings
Efficacy studies include clinical trials and figure out how well a treatment works within the study; Effectiveness studies apply treatments in more real-world settings
41
According to Eysenck, ___% of variability in IQ scores in due to genetic factors
80
42
Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) used meta-analysis to show that therapy had a mean effect size of around
.85 (the average pt who received therapy was better off than 80% of pts who didn't get therapy)
43
In the dosage model, __% of therapy clients will sig. improve in 6-8 sessions, and __% by 52 sessions
50% in 6 to 8 | 85% by 52
44
Phases of therapy Remoarlization Remediation Rehabilitation
Remoralization - first few sessions; hope Remediation - 16 sessions; sx reduction Rehabilitation - unlearning bad patterns
45
Of all races/ethnicities, people of ___ descent showed the most benefit from having a therapist of their own race/ethnicity
Hispanic Though newer indicated that “clinicians’ cultural competence, compassion, and … worldview were more important than ethnic matching between client and clinician” (2012, p. 173).
46
Suprisingly, among adults, this age group has the lowest rate of therapy utilization
18-25; highest is 26-49 yo
47
Features of a stepped care model
1) the recommended treatment within a stepped care model should be the least restrictive of those currently available, but still likely to provide significant health gain 2) self-correcting … [which means] that the results of treatments and decisions about treatment provision are monitored systematically, and changes are made (‘stepping up’) if current treatments are not achieving significant health gain”
48
People with an internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility believe __ and are more likely to be ___
they are in control of their own outcomes and are responsible for their own successes and failures mainstream American culture
49
People with an internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility (IC-ER) believe
they could determine their own outcomes if given the chance but that others are responsible for keeping them from doing so clients who have an IC-ER worldview are likely to be the most challenging for a White therapist who has an IC-IR worldview because these clients are likely to view the therapist and therapy as sources of oppression and to be reluctant to self-disclose
50
Old fashioned racism is what type of microaggression
Microassaults (name calling and explicit discriminatory acts)
51
Not hiring someone because they are black is a _______ but saying someone was only hired bc of affirmative action is a ____
Not hiring someone because they are black is a microassault but saying someone was only hired bc of affirmative action is a microinsult
52
emic versus etic perspectvie
emic - culture affects behavior etic - behavior is is similar across cultures and that the same psychological theories and interventions are appropriate for everyone, regardless of their cultural background.
53
____ focuses on changing the environment _____ focuses on adapting to the environment Which is autoplastic which is alloplastic
ALloplastic - ALtering the environment | AutoPlastic - U adaPt to the environment
54
mental health professionals who are insensitive to cultural differences and believe that their own cultural assumptions about what constitutes mental health or normality applies to people from all cultural backgrounds are _____
culturally encapsulated (encapsulated by their own culture)
55
Black patients tend to communicate with high or low context cues
High context communication: relies heavily on group understanding, nonverbal messages, and the context in which the communication occurs and is characteristic of several cultural minority groups.
56
In asian culture, gift giving is
the direct benefits that a client perceives he/she receives from therapy must be as soon as possible in therapy help establish achieved credibility and reduce premature termination
57
For best outcomes, is more important to adapt an intervention culturally for adults or children?
Adults
58
``` These stages are associated with what model Conformity Dissonance Resistance and Immersion Introspection Integrative awareness ```
Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development (R/CID) Model of how minority groups view their own minority group; like many other models, it starts with a person’s lack of acceptance and/or awareness of his/her culture as an element of his/her identity
59
These stages are associated with what model Pre-encounter Immersion-emersion Internalization
Cross's Black Racial Identity Development Model internalization stage, which consists of Black nationalist, biculturalist, and multiculturalist subtypes.
60
``` These stages are associated with what model Contact (bad) Disintegration (good) Reintegration (bad) Pseudo-independence (bad) Immersion-Emersion (good) Autonomy (good) ```
Helms's White Racial Identity Development (WRID) Model Autonomy: People attain a state of autonomy when they develop a nonracist White identity, value diversity, and can explore issues related to race and racism without defensiveness. IPS: flexibility and complexity.
61
In psychotherapy outcome research, the factors that appear most responsible for lack of improvement are:
client factors like diagnoses, motivation for change, distress, etc.
62
``` The highest rates of responding during acquisition of a new behavior are associated with which of the following schedules of reinforcement • 1. Variable interval. • 2. Variable ratio. • 3. Continuous. • 4. Contiguous. ```
Continuous
63
The Neo-Freudians emphasize:
on how social and cultural factors influence and shape personality
64
A Jungian would consider that part of the personal and collective unconscious that is projected out to be:
transference.
65
``` . Individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder are most influenced by: • 1. physical punishment. • 2. embarrassment. • 3. money. • 4. medications. ```
3
66
DRO, or differential reinforcement for other behaviors combines operant extinction and
reinforcement For example a child is ignored when she whines, and complimented when she politely asks for what she wants.
67
A father is concerned because his son just wants to play video games and never finishes his homework. To ensure his son does his homework, the father tells him he can play video games only after he finishes his homework. The father is using which of the following techniques?
Premack principle: positive reinforcement in which a high-frequency behavior (a highly desirable activity) is used as a reinforcer for a low-frequency behavior (an undesirable activity) in order to increase the low-frequency behavior.
68
Glasser’s (1998) reality therapy is based on the premise that ____________ leads to the development of a failure identity.
irresponsible behavior = failure identity | responsible meeting of own needs = success identity
69
Your initial assessment of a client’s symptoms suggest they meet the diagnostic criteria for bipolar II disorder. However, she has had a hypomanic episode but wouldn't meet criteria for this disorder if
her episodes of depressive symptoms have never met all of the criteria for a major depressive episode.
70
Bateson and his colleagues (Bateson et al., 1956) linked schizophrenia to
double-bind communication - expression of contradictory patterns of interaction in the family
71
as a loss of objectivity that occurs when a therapist’s reactions to a particular type of client are affected by his/her previous experiences with that type of client.
theme interference
72
A practitioner of reality therapy would agree that psychopathology is the result of:
adoption of failure identity because they have chosen to fulfill needs in irresponsible ways,
73
Personality disorder where the person may express some unhappiness about not having any close friends but avoid developing relationships due to anxiety related to suspiciousness about the motivations of other people
Schizotypal
74
One of three of the following sx needed for schizophrenia dx
hallucinations delusions disorganized speech plus need 2 out of 5 total symptoms
75
At the Adler planetarium, I was social, focusing on the future, had a nice life style, striving for superiority by giving back to charity
Adler's individual psychology: focuses on the future self and striving for superiority (instead of being governed by feelings of inferiority); create healthy style of life where you focus on giving to society and personal goals
76
Implosive therapy is a combination of
imagery + psychodynamic When using implosive therapy, the client imagines the feared object or situation and the therapist embellishes the imagined scene with psychodynamic themes (e.g., aggression, guilt, or sexuality).
77
Evidence for the five-factor model of personality has been provided by research using the __________ method.
lexical
78
According to the DSM-5, _____ of women experience a major depressive episode during pregnancy or during the weeks or months after delivery and, of these episodes, about _____ begin before delivery.
3-6% of women experience MDD during peripartum and 50% begin prior to delivery
79
First line of treatment for neuropathic pain
The tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline)
80
A 21-year-old therapy client says, “no matter what I do, I feel like I’m still unattractive, so I must be unattractive.” Her cognitive behavior therapist will most likely view the client’s statement as a manifestation of:
emotional reasoning - occurs when a person believes that his/her emotions reflect reality – i.e., that something must be true because the person feels that it’s true.
81
For practitioners of interpersonal therapy (IPT), depression is:
a medical condition
82
Your new client, 8-year-old Bobbie Beardon, engages in behaviors that meet the diagnostic criteria for oppositional defiant disorder. You’re most likely to consider a co-diagnosis of conduct disorder if he also exhibits which of the following? A. emotional dysregulation B. vindictiveness C. repeated acts of aggression D. refusal to comply with rules at home and at school.
repeated acts of aggression
83
Mildred Parten (1932) categorized children’s play as being:
social or non-social
84
3 cs of hardiness
control committment challenge
85
Diagnosis requires one or more motor and/or vocal tics that have been present for less than one year and began before the individual’s 18th birthday.
provisional tic disorder
86
Do male or female transgender patients have better surgery outcomes?
Both to well but males do slightly better
87
caused by damage to certain areas of the right parietal lobe and is characterized by a lack of recognition or awareness of part of one’s own body
asomatognosia
88
When assigning a DSM-5 diagnosis of conduct disorder, severity is determined by
of conduct problems and severity of harm to others
89
The most effective intervention for children with childhood-onset fluency disorder is likely to be which of the following?
habit reversal training
90
polythetic criterion
individual exhibit only a subset of the criteria, which means that people with somewhat different symptoms can be assigned the same diagnosis.
91
what does naltroxone do?
decreases alcohol cravings
92
What is the best approach for assessing personality dx?
Screening tool followed by semistructured interview

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