Physiology Exam Review #5 Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
What kind of process is digestion?
A
It is a multistep process and is both chemical and physical in nature
2
Q
What is happening during the hydrolysis reaction within digestion?
A
Digestion is breaking down polymers into monomer building blocks
3
Q
What are polymers?
A
Complex structures (whole protein - carbohydrates, fats, and proteins)
4
Q
What are monomers?
A
The broken down simpler forms of polymers
5
Q
What helps in taking monomers into the bloodstream to be used by the cells?
A
Absorption - which takes place in the lining of the gut
6
Q
This tract is open at both ends and is continuous with the environment - considered “outside” of the body
A
The digestive tract
7
Q
This type of transport allows for specialization of function along the digestive tract
A
One-way transport
8
Q
Term that means movement of food through the tract
A
Motility
9
Q
Term that means taking food into the mouth
A
Ingestion
10
Q
Term that means chewing and mixing food with saliva
A
Mastication
11
Q
Term that means swallowing
A
Deglutition
12
Q
Term that means wave-like, one-way movement through tract
A
Peristalsis
13
Q
Term that means churning and mixing while moving forward
A
Segmentation
14
Q
This digestive tract function involves digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid, mucus, water, and bicarbonate
A
Exocrine secretion
15
Q
This digestive tract function involves hormones that regulate digestion
A
Endocrine secretion
16
Q
This term means breaking down food into smaller units, both physically and chemically
A
Digestion
17
Q
This term means passing broken-down food into blood or lymph
A
Absorption
18
Q
These cells within the digestive tract prevent swallowed pathogens from entering the body
A
Simple columnar epithelium with tight junctions
19
Q
This tract is about 30 feet long, from mouth to anus
A
Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, alimentary canal)
20
Q
What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract?
A
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
21
Q
This layer of the alimentary tract in the inner secretory and absorptive layer; which may be folded to increase surface area - also the location of goblet cells
A
Mucosa
22
Q
This layer of the alimentary tract is very vascular in order to pick up nutrients, and also has some glands and nerve plexuses
A
Submucosa
23
Q
This layer of the alimentary tract is made of smooth muscle and is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation; contains the myenteric plexus for control by the ANS
A
Muscularis
24
Q
This layer of the alimentary tract is the outer binding and protective layer where visceral peritoneum covers the organs and the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity
A
Serosa
25
What are the two extrinsic regulations of the GI tract?
Parasympathetic division and sympathetic division
26
This nerve that is part of the parasympathetic division stimulates the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, gallbladder, and proximal part of the large intestine
The vagus nerve
27
These nerves stimulate the distal large intestine
Spinal nerves in sacral region
28
This division of the extrinsic regulation reduces peristalsis and secretion, and stimulates contraction of sphincters
Sympathetic division
29
What takes place in intrinsic regulation?
- Intrinsic sensory neurons in gut wall help in intrinsic regulation via separate enteric nervous system
- Paracrine receptors
30
This contains mucus - an antimicrobial agent - and salivary amylase - which is a carbohydrate digesting enzyme - to start digestion of starch
Saliva
31
This involves coordinated contraction of 25 pairs of muscles in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus
Deglutition
32
What are the three parts of deglutition?
- Oral: voluntary; muscles of mouth and tongue mix food with saliva to form a bolus
- Pharyngeal: involuntary; initiated by receptors in the posterior oral cavity and oropharynx
- Esophageal: automatic; controlled by the swallowing center of the brain stem; bolus is moved down esophagus to stomach via peristalsis
33
This lifts to cover the nasopharynx and the epiglottis covers the vocal cords during the pharyngeal part of deglutition
Uvula
34
A condition that occurs when part of the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium
Barrett's Esophagus
35
What are the functions of the stomach?
- Stores food
- Churns food to mix with gastric secretions
- Begins protein digestion
- Kills bacteria in the food
- Movies food into small intestine in the form of a pasty material called chyme
36
What is the upper region of the stomach called?
Fundus
37
What is the lower region of the stomach called?
Body
38
What is the distal region of the stomach called?
Pyloric region; ends at the pyloric sphincter
39
What are the folds in the lining of the stomach called?
Rugae
40
These secretory cells secrete mucus to help protect stomach lining from acid
Mucus neck cells
41
These secretory cells secrete HCl acid and intrinsic factor - which helps the small intestine absorb vitamin B12
Parietal cells
42
Theses cells secrete pepsinogen, which is the inactive form of the protein digesting enzymes
Chief (zygomatic) cells
43
These cells secrete the hormone gastrin
G cells
44
These cells secrete the hormone somatostatin
D cells
45
These cells secrete the hormone ghrelin that signals the brain to regulate hunger and body weight
P/D1 cells
46
What is the only stomach function essential for life?
The production of intrinsic factor that is needed for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, which is necessary for RBC production
47
Highly acidic mixture of exocrine gland secretions and a large amount of water
Gastric juice
48
What are at the base of folds that lead to gastric glands - which contain several types of secretory cells
Gastric pits
49
What are the functions of HCl in the stomach when a drop in pH hits 2?
- Ingested proteins are denatured (allows enzymes access)
- Pepsinogen is converted to active pepsin (digests proteins)
- Serves as the optimal pH for pepsin activity
50
What is the function of pepsin in the stomach?
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in the ingested proteins
51
Acid and pepsin could damage the stomach lining - what are the defenses to help prevent this?
- Adherent layer of mucus with alkaline bicarbonate
- Tight junctions between epithelial cells
- Rapid epithelial mitosis that replaces epithelium every three days
52
What begins digestion in the stomach?
Proteins
53
What begins digestion in the mouth but since salivary amylase is not active at pH 2, this activity stops in the stomach
Starches
54
What are the only common substances to be absorbed in the stomach?
Alcohol and NSAIDs (aspirin)
55
What organ starts at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the ileocecal valve and is about 12 ft long?
The small intestine
56
What are the three sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
57
Which organ completes the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?
The small intestine
58
Which part of the small intestine absorbs sugars, lipids, amino acids, calcium, and iron?
Duodenum and Jejunum
59
Which part of the small intestine absorbs bile salts, vitamin B12, water and electrolytes
Ileum
60
What is required for the activation of the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin, which comes from the pancreas and activates other pancreatic enzymes
Enterokinase (enteropeptidase)
61
Which enzymes are needed for disaccharidase?
Sucrase, Maltase, and Lactase
62
Which enzymes are needed for peptidase?
Aminopeptidase and enterokinase
63
Which enzymes are needed for phosphatase?
Ca2+, Mg2+ - ATPase and Alkaline phosphatase
64
What are the functions of the large intestine?
- Absorption of water, electrolytes, vitamin K, and some B vitamins
- Production of vitamin K and B vitamins via microbial organisms
- Storage of feces
65
What are the several thousand different species of bacteria living in the large intestine called?
Microflora or intestinal microbiota
66
What is it called when the bacteria in the large intestine benefit and contain enzymes that digest dietary fiber that we can't hydrolyze into monosaccharides
Commensal
67
What is it called when the bacteria in the large intestine is benefitted along with us
Mutualistic
68
What is the reddish brown gland located immediately inferior to the diaphragm - on the right side of the body
Liver
69
What is the function of the liver?
Secretes bile which contributes to digestion
70
A pear-shaped sac on the underside of the liver
Gallbladder
71
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Serves to store and concentrate bile by absorbing water and electrolytes
72
Yellow-green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, bile pigments, and bile acids
Bile
73
Principal pigment derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin
Bilirubin
74
What is responsible for the brown color of feces
Bacteria in large intestine metabolizing bilirubin to urobilinogen
75
Steroids synthesized from cholesterol that aid in fat digestion and absorption
Bile acids (bile salts)
76
How much bile does the liver secrete daily?
500 to 1,000 mL
77
80% of bile acids are reabsorbed where?
In the ileum and then returned to the liver
78
What cells absorb and re-secrete bile acids?
Hepatocytes
79
Route of secretion, reabsorption, and re-secretion of bile acids two or more times during digestion of an average meal
Enterohepatic circulation
80
20% of the bile acids are excreted in ______
the feces - which is aided by soluble fiber
81
What organ synthesizes new bile acids from cholesterol to replace those lost in feces
The liver
82
What are gallstones composed of?
Cholesterol, calcium carbonate, and bilirubin
83
Spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to greater curvature of stomach
Pancreas
84
What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas responsible for?
Pancreatic islets that secrete insulin and glucagon - concentrated in the tail of the gland
85
What is the majority of the pancreas?
The exocrine portion - secretes pancreatic juice
86
Alkaline mixture of water, enzymes, zymogens/proenzymes, sodium bicarbonate, and other electrolytes
Pancreatic juice
87
What is the function of bicarbonate in the pancreas?
Buffers HCl arriving from the stomach
88
This stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete enzymes during cephalic phase of gastric control even before food is swallowed
Acetylcholine (ACh)
89
Secreted by mucosa of duodenum in response to arrival of fats in the small intestine
Cholecystokinin (CKK)
90
Released from duodenum in response to acidic chyme arriving from the stomach - also raises pH to the level required for activity of the pancreatic and intestinal digestive enzymes
Secretin
91
Oxygen consumed by a relaxed, awake person, in comfortable temperature, 12 to 14 hours after eating (this can be affected by age, sex, body surface area, and thyroid activity)
Basal metabolic rate
92
What are the water-soluble vitamins and cannot be stored in the body?
Vitamins B and C
93
What are the fat-soluble vitamins and can be stored in the body?
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
94
What are molecules with unpaired electrons?
Free radicals
95
Regulatory molecules secreted by adipocytes that affect hunger, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity
Adipokines
96
This is secreted by the stomach when it is empty - when the stomach is full, this is reduced
Ghrelin
97
These levels rise during and right after a meal, suppresses hunger, and is the antagonist to ghrelin
Cholecystokinin (CKK)
98
These reduce appetite and stimulates release of MSH from arcuate nucleus
Polypeptide YY (PYY)
99
This reduces hunger and controls hunger for long term - the more adipose tissue you have, the more of this you secrete
Leptin
100
This reduces hunger indirectly by increasing the storage of fat (which results in leptin production)
Insulin
101
Energy expended to adapt in ambient temperature and digestion/absorption of food
Adaptive thermogenesis
102
Where do germ cells or gametes (sperm and ova) form?
In the gonads - testes and ovaries
103
What is the process that an individual progresses?
Zygote --> embryo --> fetus
104
What are the copulatory organs for males and females?
Penis and vagina
105
What are the primary sex organs for males and females?
Gonads - which produce gametes (testes and ovaries)
106
Organs other than gonads that are necessary for reproduction
Secondary sex organs
107
What are the male secondary sex organs?
System of ducts, glands, and penis
108
What are the female secondary sex organs?
Uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
109
What is the term for 23 chromosomes?
Haploid
110
What is the term for 23 pairs of chromosomes?
Diploid
111
The sex of a child is determined by the contributing _____
sperm
112
Which sex has two X chromosomes
Female
113
Which sex has an X and a Y chromosome
Male
114
What is the signal that determines embryonic gonads to become either testes or ovaries
Testis-determining factor (TDF)
115
Which cells begin making large amounts of androgen (for testosterone) about 8 weeks after fertilization
Leydig cells
116
Puberty begins with a release of what?
LH hormone
117
This is secreted by adipose cells and is required for the onset of puberty
Leptin
118
This is where spermatogenesis occurs
Seminiferous tubules
119
This hormone receptor is found on Sertoli cells
FSH
120
Which hormone influences spermatogenesis
FSH
121
This is where Leydig cells make testosterone and is also filled with blood and lymphatic capillaries
Interstitial tissue
122
Which hormone receptor is found on Leydig cells
LH
123
What is secreted in response to LH
Testosterone
124
What is the maturation of spermatids into functioning spermatozoa called
Spermatogenesis
125
The site of sperm maturation and storage - where sperm becomes motile
The epididymis
126
Fluid that contains fructose - energy for sperm
Seminal fluid
127
Fluid that contains citric acid, calcium, and vesiculase
Prostate fluid
128
An enzyme that causes semen to coagulate after ejaculation
Vesiculase
129
Causes the semen to become liquid, freeing the sperm
Fibrinolysis
130
The movement of semen into the urethra
Emission
131
The site of oocyte and sex steroid production
Ovaries
132
These have fimbriae that partially wrap around the ovaries and "catch" the oocyte ovulation
Fallopian tubes
133
The site of embryonic development
Uterus
134
The inner layer of the uterus - where the embryo implants and develops
Endometrium
135
The middle muscular layer of the uterus
Myometrium
136
The outer connective tissue layer of the uterus
Perimetrium
137
The narrow bottom region of the uterus
Cervix
138
This hormone stimulates monthly cohorts of about 24 oocytes to complete meiosis I
FSH
139
Large daughter cell that is the product of meiosis I
Secondary oocyte
140
This is the smaller cell that ultimately disintegrates - a means of discarding the extra set of haploid chromosomes
First polar body
141
Where are primary oocytes contained
Within primary follicles that have one layer of cells
142
Continued growth results in fused vesicles to form a single antrum called
Mature Graafian follicle
143
In the Graafian follicle, what are the cell layers called that form around the oocyte
Corona radiata and zona pellucida
144
Continued development of one Graafian follicle occurs because of stimulation of which hormones
FSH and Estradiol
145
Which follicle is protected from atresis and forms a bulge on the surface of the ovary
A mature Graafian follicle
146
After ovulation, the remaining follicle becomes this
Corpus Luteum (yellow body)
147
Which hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?
Estradiol and progesterone - play a role in the menstrual cycle and maintaining a pregnancy
148
Toward the end of a non-fertile cycle, the corpus luteum regresses to become what
A nonfunctional corpus albicans
149
This ovarian phase is characterized by increasing levels of estradiol production from granulosa cells
Follicular phase
150
During this ovarian phase, FSH causes the Graafian follicle to bulge out of the ovary wall
Ovulation
151
During the ovarian luteal phase, high levels of estradiol and progesterone feedback on the pituitary gland and inhibit these hormones
FSH and LH
152
During this phase, follicle development is shut down to prevent further ovulation long enough to give the secondary oocyte a chance to be fertilized
Ovarian luteal phase
153
A decrease in the levels of these hormones stimulate the sloughing of the endometrium and menstruation
Estradiol and progesterone
154
How are capacitated sperm guided to the oocyte
By chemotaxis and thermotaxis
155
Where does fertilization occur
In the fallopian tubes
156
What does the sperm contribute during fertilization
1/2 chromosomes, centrosome, and mitochondria
157
What does the egg contribute during fertilization
1/2 chromosomes, cytoplasm, and all other organelles
158
Which hormone is secreted by the blastocyst and is needed for the maintenance of the endometrium
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
159
This hormone has the same effect as LH and maintains the Corpus Luteum, maintains production of estrogen and progesterone
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
