Physiology lecture 2

Question 1

afferent neurons

Answer 1

receive information and tranmit it to CNS

Question 2

Efferent neurons

Answer 2

achieve an effect, transmit fron CNS to periphery

Question 3

Sensory nervous system

Answer 3

Somatic sensory (imput from skin, fascia etc.) and visceral sensory (imput from stomach and intestines)

Question 4

Motor nervous system

Answer 4

somatic motor (voluntary moving body) and autonomic motor (involuntary)

Question 5

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 5

motor neurons in CNS, provides myelin sheets

Question 6

Schwann cells

Answer 6

motor neurons in PNS, produce myelin sheets

Question 7

Microtubule

Answer 7

framework that transmits vesicles along to transport signals (done by motorproteins, ATP depended)

Question 8

actin filaments

Answer 8

cytoskeleton

Question 9

process of a signal going through a synaps

Answer 9

• presynaptic membrane depolarization induces brief opening of calcium channels
• calcium influx promotes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles with release of neurotransmitters
• neurotranmitters react with receptors and promotes postsynaptic membrane depolarization

Question 10

excitatory neurons

Answer 10

increase negative rest potential of target cell (easier to start an action potential)

Question 11

inhibitory neurons

Answer 11

decrease negative rest potentian (harder to start an action potential)

Question 12

Glia cells

Answer 12

support nerve cells (physical strucure, repair damages) many different ones such as schwann cells etc)

Question 13

Astrocytes

Answer 13

type of glia cell in CNS, provides nutrients and are part of the brain blood barrier (but mostly done by tight junctions between endothelial cells)

Question 14

microglia

Answer 14

type of glia cell in CNS, take care of cell waste and pathogens

Question 15

Ependymal cells

Answer 15

type of glia cells in CNS, around spinal cord and produce cerebrospinal fluid

Question 16

Satelite cells

Answer 16

type of glia cell in PNS, surrounding large neuron cell bodies and supporting

Question 17

Neurolemmocyte

Answer 17

beginning of myelin sheet, strats wrapping around the axon

Question 18

Different layers of peripheral nerve

Answer 18

• perineurium
• epineurium
• endoneurium

Question 19

Action potential

Answer 19

Amount of sodium outside the cell is much higher than inside the cell
- resting potential: -70 mv
- depolarisation: Na flowing in, threshold of -55 mv, top at 30 mv
- repolarisation: Ka flowing out
- Hyperpolarisation: slowly closing of Ka

Question 20

Symphatic

Answer 20

part of autonomous nervous system, active, neurotransmitters: cholinergic

Question 21

Parasymphatic

Answer 21

part of autonomous nervous system, inactive, neurotransmitters: acetylcholine

Question 22

sacrolemma

Answer 22

surrounds multiple muofibrils of one muscle cell, AP goes from sacrolemma into T-tubules

Question 23

Muscle build up large –> small

Answer 23

Muscle –> fascicle –> muscle fibers –> myofibril –> sarcomere –> myofilament

Question 24

T-tubules

Answer 24

Going around the muscle fiber

Question 25

Sarcplasmatic reticulum

Answer 25

Stores calcium, which is needed for final contraction of two myofilaments

Question 26

Isomeric contraction

Answer 26

keep muscle the same length but a lot of tension

Question 27

isotonic contraction

Answer 27

contracting the muscle (becoming shorter)

Question 28

aerobic pathway

Answer 28

oxygen transported to all tissue and than transported to mitochondria

Question 29

anaerobic pathway

Answer 29

glycolysis and form lactic acid