Physiology Week 1 Class IA Developmental Anomalies

Question 1

Anencephaly

Answer 1

Failure of cranial end of neural tube to close

Question 2

Arnold-Chiari Deformity

Answer 2

Inferior cerebellum and medulla are elongated and protrude into vertebral canal

medullar and pons are small and deformed

hydrocephalus

malformation of lower cranial nerves (deafness, tongue/facial muscles/lateral eye movement weakness)

Question 3

Spina Bifida Occulta

Answer 3

Results from failure of the inferior neuropore to close

Vertebral arch(-es) fails to develop in caudal area

spinal cord function is usually normal

Question 4

Spina Bifida Cystica

Answer 4

Characterized by a sac-like cyst at the caudal end of spine

spinal cord and/or meninges may be found in the cyst

spinal cord function may be impaired

may be lower extremity dysfunction

bladd and bowel function may be impaired

Question 5

Meningocele

Answer 5

Form of spina bifida cystica

qonly meninges found in sac

spinal cord function may be impaired

signs and symptoms vary depending on location and severity of malformation

Question 6

Meningomyelocele

Answer 6

Form of spina bifida cystica

both meninges, spinal cord are found in sac

always results in abnormal growth of spinal cord

lower extremity paralysis

bowel and bladder dysfunction

loss of sensation to lower limbs

Question 7

Myeloschisis

Answer 7

failure of caudal neural folds to close

most severe of the defects

Question 8

Holoprosencephaly

Answer 8

Failure of prosencephalon to divide into two cerebral hemispheres

often associated with facial deformities

single orbit with two eyes or one eye or no eye

proboscis-type nose located above eye

cleft lip and palate