Pituitary&Hypothalamus

Question 1

Which pituitary is larger? Anterior or Posterior? Which is glandular tissue, which is neural tissue?

Answer 1

Anterior is 80% of the pituitary.. Anterior glandular, posterior neural

Question 2

What are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 2

AntiDiuretic Hormone and Oxytocin

Question 3

What are the two functions of ADH?

Answer 3

Controls water balance and inhibits diuresis(urine out put)

Question 4

What are the two functions of oxytocin?

Answer 4

Controls uterine contractions and breast milk let down

Question 5

What TYPE of hormones are from the hypothalamus? How are they secreted? All at once?

Answer 5

peptide hormones..secreted in pulses

Question 6

What are the 4 Stimulatory hypothalamic hormones?

Answer 6

TRH(thyrotropinRH), CRH(corticotropinRH), GnRH(gonadotropinRH), and GHRH(growth hormoneRH)

Question 7

What are the two inhibitory “substances”? What do they inhibit?

Answer 7

dopamine inhibits prolactin, somatostatin inhibits growth hormone

Question 8

What are the 6 A.P. hormones?

Answer 8

FLAT PG….FSH(follicle stimulatingH), LH(Luteinizing H), ACTH(ArenoCorticoTropicH),

Question 9

What is the target for TSH?

Answer 9

thyroid

Question 10

What is the target for ACTH?

Answer 10

adrenal CORTEX

Question 11

What is the target for FSH?

Answer 11

ovary/testes

Question 12

What is the target for LH?

Answer 12

ovary/testes

Question 13

What are the targets for GH?

Answer 13

liver, all tissues

Question 14

What is the target for Prolactin?

Answer 14

Breast

Question 15

What is the thyroid feedback loop?

Answer 15

TRH–>TSH–>T4(thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine)

Question 16

What is the adrenal feedback loop?

Answer 16

CRH (WHY is it not ACRH???)–>ACTH–>Cortisol

Question 17

What is the gonad feedback loop? What is the protein messenger that starts this whole process?

Answer 17

GnRH—>FSH/LH—>Estrogen & Testosterone…Kisspeptin

Question 18

What is the growth feedback loop? What inhibits it again?

Answer 18

GHRH–>GH–>IGF-1(insulin-like growth factor-1)…Somatostatin inhibits GHRH

Question 19

What is the UNUSUAL feedback loop for Prolactin?

Answer 19

Dopamine BLOCKS Prolactin when milk not needed…When milk is needed: suckling BLOCKS dopamine. Now prolactin can produce milk

Question 20

Which structure is compromised in PRIMARY disease? What is the outcome?

Answer 20

the target gland.. the hypothalamus stimulates more “target gland hormone” decreased

Question 21

Which structure is compromised in SECONDARY disease? What is the outcome?

Answer 21

The pituitary is compromised…Tells the hypothalamus to stimulate more

Question 22

Which structure is compromised in TERTIARY disease?

Answer 22

The hypothalamus is compromised…Low hormone everywhere..

Question 23

What is the end result of excess TSH? (very rare)

Answer 23

Hyperthyroidism

Question 24

What is the name of the disease when there is excess ACTH?

Answer 24

Increased cortisol= cushing’s disease

Question 25

What is the syndrome caused by too much GH?

Answer 25

Acromegaly (gigantism)

Question 26

What is the cause of headaches due to a pituitary tumor?

Answer 26

Stretched dura

Question 27

What are two treatment options for a pituitary tumor?

Answer 27

Surgery, radiation therapy

Question 28

How do we treat excess pituitary hormone? Aside: do pituitary tumors usually produce hormones?

Answer 28

Inhibit pituitary secretion, pit hormone receptor against. Aside: No, pituitary hormones usually don't produce hormones

Question 29

How do we treat a pituitary hormone deficiency? 2 hormones to replace...

Answer 29

1.replace target glands hormones and 2. replace pituitary hormone

Question 30

If there is a mass present, which pituitary hormones go first?

Answer 30

GH, FSH, and LH

Question 31

Which pituitary hormone is gone if the pituitary stock is compromised?

Answer 31

Prolactin! (Dopamine inhibition is lost)

Question 32

What two hormones(same loop)are deficient if the pt can't handle medical stress?

Answer 32

ACTH and Cortisol

Question 33

What two hormones (same loop) are deficient for hypothyroidism?

Answer 33

TSH & thyroid hormones (T4 &T3)

Question 34

What Four hormones (same loop) are deficient if there is no menses, impotence, infertility, and low libido?

Answer 34

Low FSH, LH, Estrogen, Testosterone

Question 35

What is hormone is deficient if there is no lactation?

Answer 35

low prolactin

Question 36

What two hormones (same loop) are deficient in growth failure in children?

Answer 36

Low GH and IGF-1

Question 37

What is the only real ODD cause of high prolactin (that has to do with the thyroid)?

Answer 37

High TRH = High prolactin (why?)

Question 38

What type of drug can you administer to treat high prolactin?

Answer 38

A dopamine agonist

Question 39

What happens with insulin with too much GH?

Answer 39

Insulin uptake is lowered!

Question 40

What is an acral tissue?

Answer 40

a tip or extremity: forehead, nose, chin, hands, feet

Question 41

What is acromalgy before pooberty? Are the bone changes reversible?

Answer 41

gigantism.. Bone changes are irreversable

Question 42

When testing for acromegaly, what will happen to GH after an oral glucose load?

Answer 42

GH INCREASES above 1

Question 43

What is typically the first treatment for acromegaly?

Answer 43

Surgery

Question 44

What two drugs can be taken to slow down the effects of acromagaly?

Answer 44

1. Somatostatin (to suppress the release of GH) 2. GH receptor antagonist (to block the GH receptors)