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unit 3 > placenta and fetal membranes > Flashcards

placenta and fetal membranes Flashcards

1
Q

fetal part of placenta

A

arises from trophoblast

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2
Q

are germ layers involved in placental development?

A

no, gastrulation uses epiblast cells

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3
Q

maternal part of placenta

A

arises from functional layer of endometrium

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4
Q

fetal membranes start

A

as thin tissue surrounding fluid-filled cavity

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5
Q

amniochorionic membrane

A

formed by amnion and chorion

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6
Q

umbilical vesicle

A

partially incorporated into body of embryo after folding, persists as location of intestinal development

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7
Q

allantois

A

pouch from wall of umbilical vesicle that forms template for umbilical vessels pathway

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8
Q

allantois becomes

A

urachus, ligament between umbilicus and urinary bladder

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9
Q

amnion

A

formed by epiblast cells, forms amniotic cavity/sac

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10
Q

amniotic fluid composition

A

water with suspended materials such as ions, small molecules, antibodies, hormones

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11
Q

what forms amniotic fluid?

A

fetal urine, amnion, and maternal blood

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12
Q

amniotic fluid function

A

protect, cushion, and lubricate; maintain temp; prevent infection; allow fetal movement; support organ growth

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13
Q

oligohydramnios

A

abnormally low amniotic fluid

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14
Q

oligohydramnios problem

A

problem between fetal urine and fetal blood; associated with renal genesis, uteri-placental insufficiency, PROM

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15
Q

polyhydramnios

A

abnormally high amniotic fluid

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16
Q

polyhydramnios problem

A

most often idiopathic, associated with anencephaly, esophageal atresia, pulmonary hypoplasia, maternal diabetes

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17
Q

chorion

A

gestational sac

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18
Q

chorion is made up of

A

extra embryonic somatic mesoderm, cytotrophoblast, and syncytiotrophoblast

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19
Q

chorion gives rise to

A

chorionic villi which helps form fetal part of placenta

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20
Q

chorionic villi development goal

A

to grow and branch until contacting sufficient maternal blood within decidua

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21
Q

primary chorionic villi

A

clusters of cytotrophoblast cells, protruding from chorionic cavity

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22
Q

secondary chorionic villi

A

cover chorionic sac

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23
Q

tertiary chorionic villi

A

can see capillaries within

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24
Q

stem villi

A

reach decidua

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25
Q

true villi

A

extend from stem villi

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26
Q

terminal villi

A

extend from true villi

27
Q

anchoring villi

A

attach stem villi to cytotrophoblastic shell

28
Q

cytotrophoblastic shell

A

formed when chorionic villi extend through syncytiotrophoblast and attach to decidua

29
Q

what becomes the decidua

A

endometrium

30
Q

decidual reaction

A

occurs after implantation, endometrial cells accumulate glycogens/lipids and swell to form an immunologically privileged site

31
Q

three parts of the decidua

A

basalis, capsularis, parietalis

32
Q

decidua basalis

A

deep to conceptus

33
Q

decidua capsularis

A

superficial to conceptus

34
Q

decidua parietalis

A

everything else

35
Q

what forms the maternal part of the placenta

A

decidua basalis and decidua capsularis

36
Q

what covers the chorionic sac

A

secondary chorionic villi

37
Q

villus chorion

A

chorionic villi associated with decidua basalis that grew and became thick

38
Q

smooth chorion

A

occurs when fetus grows and chorionic villi associated with decidua capsularis are compressed and degenerate

39
Q

amniochorionic membrane

A

fusion of smooth chorion, amnion, and decidua parietalis

40
Q

fetal part of the placenta is covered in

A

covered in amnion with the umbilical cord attached

41
Q

maternal part of the placenta

A

adhered to the endometrium

42
Q

cotyledons

A

visible structures of 2+ stem villi with incomplete septa of placenta

43
Q

placenta is examined after birth for

A

cotyledons, they are counted to ensure no part of the placenta remains in the uterus

44
Q

umbilical cord

A

conduit between placenta and embryo/fetus

45
Q

umbilical cord contents

A

2 umbilical arteries and 1 umbilical vein, surrounded by Wharton’s jelly

46
Q

why must umbilical arteries constrict quickly

A

to decrease neonatal blood loss

47
Q

late cord clamping

A

recommended for full-term births

48
Q

delayed cord clamping

A

recommended for preterm births

49
Q

excessively long umbilical cord issues

A

fetal entanglement, cord prolapse, true cord knots

50
Q

cord prolapse

A

umbilical cord slips in front of fetus after water breaks, can lead to birth asphyxia or death

51
Q

cord knots

A

false knot (unconcerning) or true knot (can lead to birth asphyxia or death)

52
Q

placental circulation

A

umbilical arteries bring blood to placenta and they split into many chorionic arteries, spiral arteries spurt maternal blood into intervillous spaces and villi are bathed in maternal blood

53
Q

placenta exchange is

A

flow-limited, not diffusion-limited

54
Q

intervillous spaces

A

drained by endometrial veins, blood reenters maternal circulation after

55
Q

placenta accreta

A

abnormal adherence to myometrium

56
Q

placenta increta

A

abnormal penetration into myometrium

57
Q

placenta percreta

A

abnormal penetration through myometrium to uterine serosa

58
Q

placenta previa

A

implants near or overlapping internal os due to implantation not occurring in superioposterior uterus

59
Q

placental membrane layers up to week 20

A

syncytiotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast
connective tissue of chorionic villi
endothelium of fetal capillaries

60
Q

placental membrane layers after week 20

A

syncytiotrophoblast
connective tissue of chorionic villi
endothelium of fetal capillaries

61
Q

what does not cross the placenta?

A

bacteria, heparin, IgS, IgM, insulin, pituitary hormone

62
Q

Rh incompatibility

A

Rh- and Rh+ blood meet, issue the next time they meet

63
Q

when is Rh incompatibility an issue

A

Rh- mom, Rh+ dad

unit 3 (13 decks)

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