PLANT BIODIVERSITY

Question 1

what adaptive traits do plants living on land need in order to survive

Answer 1

1. presence or absence of water
2. presence or absence of true roots, stems and leaves
3. if they reproduce using spores or seeds
4. presence or absence of fruit
5. dependence of the plant on water for reproduction

Question 2

what features are plants grouped into

Answer 2

divisions and sub-divisions

Question 3

3 divisions of plants

Answer 3

1. bryophytes
2. ptedirophytes
3. spermatophytes

Question 4

two phases/generations to the life cycle of a moss plant

Answer 4

1. a gametophyte generation that has male and femae organs which produce gametes(sexually) and water is needed
2. a sporophyte generation where spores are produced(asexually)

Question 5

function of calyptra

Answer 5

covers opening to capsule

Question 6

function of capsule

Answer 6

produces spores

Question 7

function of seta

Answer 7

1. holds capsule in upright position allwing spores to be dispersed over a greater area
2. conducts water and mineral salts to capsule

Question 8

function of ‘‘leaf’’

Answer 8

is green so it manufactures food by photosynthesis

Question 9

function of ‘‘stem’‘/axis

Answer 9

supports gametophyte

Question 10

function of rhizoid(root)

Answer 10

1. anchors plant to soil

2. absorbs water from soil

Question 11

function of sporophyte

Answer 11

produces spores

Question 12

function of leaf(frond)

Answer 12

1. compound leaf with many pinnae
2. cuticle and stomata are present
3. sori present on the ventral surface of mature pinnae

Question 13

function of root

Answer 13

1. it is adventitious
2. arises from rhizome
3. functions as an anchorage and for absorption

Question 14

function of young leaf

Answer 14

1. tightly coiled and hairy whiich reduces transpiration

2. coiled leaf allows growing point to be produced

Question 15

functon of stem

Answer 15

1. underground horizontal stem known as a rhizome
2. stores food
3. covered by small, brown scale leaves which prevents water loss

Question 16

two sub-groups spermatophytes are divided into

Answer 16

1. gymnosperms

2. angiosperms

Question 17

purpose of roots

Answer 17

gymnosperms have tap roots, stems and leaves as well as wel developed strengthening and conducting tissue is present and the plant itself can grow into a large tree(sporophyte)

Question 18

purpose of leaves

Answer 18

it minimises transpiration by

1. reduced SA of the needle shaped leaves
2. thick cuticle
3. sunken stomata

Question 19

function of petals

Answer 19

1. set of petals make a whorl called the corolla

2. brightly coloured to attract pollinating agents, namely, insects and birds

Question 20

function of stamen

Answer 20

1. the set of stamens makes up the androcecium, which is the male whorl
2. a stamen is made up of an anther and a filament, anther produces pollen

Question 21

function of sepal

Answer 21

1. set of sepals forms the outermost whorl called the calyx
2. sepals are green for photosynthesis
3. protects the flower in the bud stage

Question 22

function of pedicel

Answer 22

is the flower stalk so therefore it supports the flower

Question 23

what does the stamen consist of

Answer 23

1. anther

2. filament

Question 24

what does the pistil consist of

Answer 24

1. stigma
2. style
3. ovary
4. ovule

Question 25

function of pistil

Answer 25

1. pistils make up the gynaecium(female whorl) 2. ovules inside the ovary produce ova 3. stigma is sticky or hairy to trapn pollen

Question 26

why do plants reproduce

Answer 26

the reproduce so that the offspring can be produced ensuring that the species does not become extinct

Question 27

2 types of reproduction

Answer 27

1. asexual reproduction | 2. sexual reproduction

Question 28

asexual reproduction

Answer 28

involves reproduction without the formation of gametes(sex cells)

Question 29

sexual reproduction

Answer 29

involves fusion of sex cells(gametes)

Question 30

asexual reproduction in plants

Answer 30

offspringformed from asexual reproduction are genetically identical to the parent as the process involves producing new structures or growing parts of plants by mitosis

Question 31

asexual reproduction by spores

Answer 31

plants like mosses and ferns dont form seeds and during their life cycle they reproduce both sexually and asexually. asexually by producing spores which germinate into gametophyte plants which matures and produces gametes. sexual reproduction then occursbbecause sperm fertilise ova

Question 32

advantages of asexual reproduction in plants

Answer 32

1. only one plant is needed 2. new plants are produced relatively quickly 3. agents of pollination and seed dispersal are not required 4. one can select a plant with desireable characteristics

Question 33

disadvantages of asexual reproduction in plants

Answer 33

1. a weak parent plant will produce weak offspring since they're alike genetically 2. because of changes in the environment, the new plants may not survive since all offsprings are genetically alike

Question 34

sexual reproduction in angiosperms(flowering plants)

Answer 34

it involves the fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell to form a zygote and a zygote develops into an embryo and after repeated mitosis an individual is formed

Question 35

advantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 35

1. offspring are genetically different 2. allows offspring to adapt to and evolve inn an ever-changing environment 3. may lead to the formation of new species

Question 36

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 36

1. a relatively slow process 2. mutations may occur 3. adult male and female organisms are required in order to produce gametes

Question 37

adaptation of flowers for pollination

Answer 37

pollination refers to the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma, when this occurs within the same flower its known as self-pollination and when it occurs between different flowers of the same species its known as cross pollination

Question 38

insect pollinated flowers

Answer 38

1. are brightly coloured to attract insects 2. have large petals for landing area 3. have a scent or nectar to attract insects 4. pollen grains are sticky and become attached easily to insects 5. anthers are firmly attached so that they cant be broken by visiting insects

Question 39

bird pollinated flowers

Answer 39

1. long and trumpet shaped 2. usually red, orange or yellow 3. are not scented 4. produces nectar

Question 40

characteristics of wind pollinated flowers

Answer 40

1. dont have brightly colored petals 2. dont have a scent or produce nectar 3. produce large amounts of pollen, increasing the chances of pollination 4. pollen grains are light and float easily 5. anthers are large and hang out the flowers allowing pollen grains to be carried easily by wind 6. stigmas are large and feathery which easily trap pollen grains