Plant Body

Question 1

What are the two parts of the plant body?

Answer 1

Shoot and root systems

Question 2

Shoot System

Answer 2

above ground. includes organs like leaves, buds, stems, flowers, fruits and leaves

Question 3

Root System

Answer 3

below ground. anchors the plant absorbs water and mineral nutrients, storage and transport

Question 4

Plant Cell differences from animal cells

Answer 4

One large central vacuole (storage), chloroplasts (photosynthesis), cell wall (structure)

Question 5

What are the three basic types of cells

Answer 5

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

Question 6

Describe Parenchyma

Answer 6

Flexible, thin walled, spherical. Cell wall flattens when packed together. Have many chloroplasts which produce glucose via P.S. In roots and fruits they lack chloroplasts but have larger vacuoles to store starch and water. Forms the bulk of non-woody plants (ex. fleshy part of apple)

Question 7

Functions of Parenchyma

Answer 7

Storage, P.S. (Photosynthesis), gas exchange, protection and tissue repair/replacement

Question 8

Describe Collenchyma

Answer 8

Long strings; elongated cells occurring in strands or cylinders (ex. celery). Cell wall expands as the cell grows. It allows plants to bend but not break.

Question 9

Function of Collenchyma

Answer 9

Provide support

Question 10

Describe Sclerenchyma

Answer 10

Very thick secondary cell walls. Contain lignin -makes cell wall tough and hard. There are two types, Fibres and Sclereids.

Question 11

Functions of Sclerenchyma

Answer 11

Primarily supports. Dies when completed growth and development, leaving empty box-like structures.

Question 12

Fibres

Answer 12

Cells up to 50cm long that usually occur in strands like linen and flax

Question 13

Sclereids

Answer 13

Thicker cell walls and may be single or groups of cells. Give pears their gritty texture, hardness to peach pits and walnut shells.

Question 14

What are the four main types of Plant Tissue and what do they do?

Answer 14

Meristematic, Dermal, Ground, and Vascular tissue. Produce 3 organs of a plant: roots, stem, and leaves.

Question 15

Meristematic Tissue

Answer 15

Undifferentiated embryonic plant tissue from which all other plant tissue develops.

Question 16

M.Tissue Primary Growth

Answer 16

Located at tips of roots and stems (Apical Meristem), causes root and stems to grow larger. Tissue found along the stem and at the base of leaf blades are Intercalary Meristem.

Question 17

M.Tissue Secondary Growth

Answer 17

Increases circumference of roots and stems, strengthens and provides support for taller growth. Occurs at Lateral Meristems.

Question 18

What are the two types of Lateral Meristems

Answer 18

Vascular Cambium and Cork Cambium (outer bark of trees / protective layer)

Question 19

What are the two types of Dermal Tissue?

Answer 19

Epidermal Tissue (epidermis) and Peridermal Tissue (Periderm).

Question 20

Epidermal Tissue

Answer 20

Outer layer: includes cuticle, a waxy covering that reduces evaporation/predation

Question 21

Peridermal Tissue

Answer 21

Only in woody plants for protection and support(bark=dead cells)

Question 22

Types of Specialized Epidermal Tissue

Answer 22

Guard cells, Trichomes, Root Hairs

Question 23

Guard Cells

Answer 23

Control opening/closing stomata for gas exchange

Question 24

Trichomes

Answer 24

Tiny growths on surface of epidermis that may cool plant, reduce evapouration; secrete sticky/toxic substances that repel herbivores; have spikes that physically puncture the skin of the herbivore

Question 25

Root Hairs

Answer 25

Tiny extentions of epidermal cells on roots which increase the surface area for absorption of water and nutrients

Question 26

Ground Tissue

Answer 26

Contains all three cell types (p,c,s) and forms most of plant internal/external material. Has a wide range of functions including storage of starch, support and PS

Question 27

What is Vascular Tissue

Answer 27

Internal system of tubes that run lengthwise throughout stem to connect roots and leaves. Two types: xylem and phloem.

Question 28

Function of Vascular Tissue

Answer 28

To transport water and dissolved substances throughout the plant and to support the stem.

Question 29

Xylem

Answer 29

Transports water and minerals from root to leaves. When mature they die leaving tubes for transport. Two types, Tracheids and Vessel Elements.

Question 30

Tracheids

Answer 30

Most vascular plants. Long, thin, tapered ends. Water moves cell to cell through pits

Question 31

Vessel Elements

Answer 31

Wider, shorter. Perforation in ends, water flows freely through perforation plates.

Question 32

Phloem

Answer 32

Transports nutrients (eg. sugar) from source to growth areas or to roots for storage. Two types Sieve Tube Elements and Companion Cells.

Question 33

Sieve Tube Elements

Answer 33

Living parenchyma. Long narrow cells stacked end to end, pores end in walls (sieve plates).

Question 34

Companion Cells

Answer 34

Adjacent to every sieve tube element.