Plant cells + Cell specialisation animals

Question 1

State the sub-cellular structures that are found in plant cells

Answer 1

a nucleus
* cytoplasm
* a cell membrane
* mitochondria
* ribosomes.
chloroplasts
* a permanent vacuole

Question 2

Draw a plant cell

Answer 2

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/z3fkpbk/large

Question 3

Describe the shape of plant cells. How is the shape different to animal cells

Answer 3

Plant cells have a regular shape (unlike animal cells which can easily change their shape)

Question 4

State the extra sub-cellular structures that plant cells have that animal cells do not have

Answer 4

Cell wall
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts

Question 5

State the function of chloroplasts

Answer 5

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis

Question 6

Where are chloroplasts found and why are they green

Answer 6

Chloroplasts are found in all the green parts of plant
They are green because they contain the green substance chlorophyll

Question 7

Explain why root cells may not have chlorplasts

Answer 7

Root cells do not have chloroplasts because they are underground therefore they are unable to absorb light and cannot photosynthesise

Question 8

Explain what the chlorophyll does

Answer 8

The chlorophyll absorbs light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis.

Question 9

State the function of the cell wall

Answer 9

The cell wall is made from cellulose. This strengthens the cell.

Question 10

State the function of the permanent vacuole

Answer 10

The permanent vacuole is filled with a fluid called cell sap. This is important for keeping the plant cell rigid to support the plant.

Question 11

State some specialised cells in animals

Answer 11

Sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells are all examples of specialised animal cells

Question 12

Explain why all animal cells are not the same (identical)

Answer 12

Animal cells may have different amounts of each sub-cellular structure depending on their function

Question 13

Define differentiation

Answer 13

Differentiation is the process by which cells become specialised and adapted to carry out a
particular function.

Question 14

Most animal cells are ____

Answer 14

Most animal cells are specialised

Question 15

What does it mean for an animal cell to be specialised

Answer 15

This means that the animal cells has adaptations which help them to carry out their particular function

Question 16

State the function of a sperm cell

Answer 16

To carry genetic information from the male through the female reproductive tract to fertilise the egg cell in sexual reproduction.

Question 17

State the adaptations of the sperm cell

Answer 17

Large nucleus
Long tail
Acrosome which stores digestive enzymes
Have lots of mitochondria

Question 18

Explain how the large nucleus helps the sperm cell to carry out its function

Answer 18

A large nucleus contains genetic information to be passed on

Question 19

Explain how the long tail helps the sperm cell to carry out its function

Answer 19

Sperm cells have a long tail which allows them to swim towards the egg cell. They are also streamlined to make this easier

Question 20

Explain how having lots of mitochondria helps the sperm cell to carry out its function

Answer 20

The middle section is full of mitochondria, which releases energy for swimming in aerobic respiration

Question 21

Explain how the acrosome helps the sperm cell to carry out its function

Answer 21

The acrosome (in the head) contain digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg cell

Question 22

Label the diagram of a sperm cell

Answer 22

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zqfmgdm/small

tail
middle section
nucleus
acrosome

Question 23

State the function of the nerve cell

Answer 23

The function of a nerve cell is to carry electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

Question 24

State the adaptations of the nerve cell

Answer 24

Axon
Lots of dendrites
Synapses
Myelin

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zyjrxfr/large

https://www.msdmanuals.com/-/media/manual/home/images/n/e/u/neu_nerve_cell.gif?mw=704&thn=0&sc_lang=en

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zws6gdm/large

Question 25

Explain how the axon helps the nerve cell to carry out its function

Answer 25

The axon carries the electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

Question 26

Explain how the myelin helps the nerve cell to carry out its function

Answer 26

Myelin insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses

Question 27

In a nerve cell what is the axon covered with

Answer 27

The axon is covered with myelin

Question 28

Explain how the synapses helps the nerve cell to carry out its function

Answer 28

Synapses are junctions which allow the impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another

Question 29

In a nerve cell what is at the end of an axon

Answer 29

The end of the axon has synapses (nerve endings)

Question 30

Explain how the dendrites helps the nerve cell to carry out its function

Answer 30

Dendrite increase the surface area so that other nerve cells can connect more easily

Question 31

Label the parts of a nerve cell

Answer 31

https://cdn.savemyexams.co.uk/cdn-cgi/image/w=640,f=auto/uploads/2020/01/Nerve-Cell.png

Question 32

State the function of muscle cells

Answer 32

The function of a muscle cell is to contract

Question 33

State the adaptations of the muscle cell

Answer 33

Lots of mitochondria Protein fibres

Question 34

Explain how the protein fibres helps the muscle cell to carry out its function

Answer 34

Muscle cells contain protein fibres that slide over each other making the cell to contract.

Question 35

What happens when a muscle cell contracts

Answer 35

When a muscle cell contracts, these protein fibres shorten decreasing the length of the cell

Question 36

Explain how the lots of mitochondria helps the muscle cell to carry out its function

Answer 36

Muscle cells contain many mitochondria to provide the energy for muscle contraction

Question 37

Muscle cells work together to form _______

Answer 37

Muscle cells work together to form muscle tissue

Question 38

Explain how the glycogen storage helps the muscle cell to carry out its function

Answer 38

Muscle cells can store glycogen, a chemical that can be broken down and used in cellular respiration by the mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for the fibres to contract

Question 39

When do most types of animal cells differentiate

Answer 39

Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage

Question 40

Describe cell differentiation in mature animals What are cells that differentiate in mature animals used for What is cell division in matured animals mainly restricted to

Answer 40

In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement. The cells that differentiate in mature animals are mainly used for repairing and replacing cells

Question 41

describe what happens in differentiation

Answer 41

As a cell differentiates it acquires different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry out a certain function. It has become a specialised cell. A cell changes to become specialised for its job as cells change they develop different subcellular structures and turn into different types of cells this allows them to carry out specific functions ____________________________________ some specialised cells such as egg and sperm cells work individually. Others are adapted to work as part of a tissue, an organ or a whole organism

Question 42

When does most differentiation occur - in animals and plants

Answer 42

Most differentiation occurs as an organism develops In most animals, the ability to differentiate is then lost at an early age, after they become specialised However, lots of plant cells dont ever lose the ability to differentiate Many types of plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life

Question 43

(a) Describe the function of muscle cells in the wall of the stomach.

Answer 43

The function of a muscle cell is to contract and to churn food

Question 44

some cells are undifferentiated cells - they are called

Answer 44

some cells are undifferentiated cells - they are called STEM CELLS