Plant Cytology

Question 1

Provides rigidity to the plant
- Protects the plant cell from
bursting under hypotonic
condition

Answer 1

CELL WALL

Question 2

Regulate the transport of
molecules in & out of the
cell
Site of enzyme specific
activity

Answer 2

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Question 3

small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of
neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing
living bridges between cells

Answer 3

PLASMODESMATA

Question 4

 Thick fluid
 80% water — containing
amino acids, lipids,
carbohydrates, ions, and
enzymes
 Site of many chemical
reactions
 Suspends organelles & other
substances

Answer 4

CYTOPLASM

Question 5

Control center of Cell

Answer 5

NUCLEUS

Question 6

where ribosomes are
produced

Answer 6

NUCLEOLUS

Question 7

threadlike
structures inside the nucleus that
carries the genetic material
(where DNA is packed)

Answer 7

CHROMOSOME

Question 8

processes, and transports a
wide variety of biochemical
compounds for use inside
and outside of the cell

Answer 8

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Question 9

contains ribosomes
-siteofproteinsynthesize

Answer 9

ROUGH ER

Question 10

w/o ribosomes
- for production of lipids &
hormones

Answer 10

SMOOTH ER

Question 11

On the cytoplasm as free ribosomes
and in rough ER
 Synthesize proteins
 Produced in the nucleolus

Answer 11

RIBOSOME

Question 12

composed of membrane-
covered sacs called cisternae
 the packaging and
shipping/distribution
department for the cell’s
chemical products.

Answer 12

GOLGI APPARATUS

Question 13

double-membraned
 site of ATP synthesis via
Cellular Respiration
 power generator of the
cell, converting oxygen
and nutrients into
adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)

Answer 13

MITOCHONDRION

Question 14

gives shape to the cell;
protoplasmic streaming & bldg
blocks of cilia, centriole (direct the
cell during cell division), basal
bodies & flagella (locomotory
structure)

Answer 14

MICROTUBULES

Question 15

for strength when exposed to
mechanical stress; muscle
contraction

Answer 15

MICROFILAMENT

Question 16

maintain cell shape; suspend &
organize organelles; interconnect
cytoskeletal elements & organize
enzymes attached to them

Answer 16

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT

Question 17

Contain hydrolytic enzymes for
digestion of biomolecules;
protect cell from foreign
materials; digest subcellular
parts as immediate fuel during
cell starvation (“suicidal bag”)

Answer 17

LYSOSOME

Question 18

contain enzymes
for oxidation of substances

Answer 18

PEROXISOMES

Question 19

contain enzymes
for conversion of fats to
carbohydrates

Answer 19

GLYOXISOMES

Question 20

plastids that have photosynthetic function
- contain pigment chlorophyll.

Answer 20

CHLOROPLAST

Question 21

Membrane bound sac filled with liquid that contains a variety of materials (sugars, organic acids, minerals, etc.) in addition to water
 Helps the cell maintain its shape; for space filling as cell grows

Answer 21

VACUOLES

Question 22

A newly discovered organelle in 1990s
Thousands in a cell

Answer 22

Vaults

Question 23

Membranes are composed of
_______ and _______

Answer 23

Phospholipids and Proteins

Question 24

Membranes are commonly
described as a

Answer 24

FLUID MOSAIC

Question 25

Because membranes allow some substances to cross or be transported more easily than others, they exhibit_____

Answer 25

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

Question 26

Nonpolar molecules (carbon dioxide and oxygen)

Answer 26

CAN CROSS EASILY

Question 27

Polar molecules (glucose and other sugars)

Answer 27

DO NOT CROSS EASILY

Question 28

movement of substances across the membrane from higher to lower concentrations without the expenditure of energy  random movement of molecules  driven by the Law of Entropy (tendency to move from orderliness to a less ordered state)

Answer 28

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

Question 29

movement of substances from higher to lower concentration without the expenditure of energy

Answer 29

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

Question 30

a process in which particles spread out evenly in an available space

Answer 30

DIFFUSION

Question 31

This means that particles diffuse down their

Answer 31

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

Question 32

movement of substances from higher to lower concentration without the expenditure of energy & with the aid of transport proteins (TP)

Answer 32

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Question 33

movement of water molecules from higher to lower concentration without the expenditure of energy

Answer 33

OSMOSIS

Question 34

s a term that describes the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water – is dependent on the concentration of a nonpenetrating solute on both sides of the membrane

Answer 34

TONICITY

Question 35

movement of substances across the membrane against a concentration gradient using energy and with the aid of transport proteins

Answer 35

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Question 36

Movement of large substances across the membrane by forming vesicles that fuse with the membrane

Answer 36

BULK TRANSPORT

Question 37

used to import substances useful to the livelihood of the cell

Answer 37

ENDOCYTOSIS

Question 38

"CELL EATING"

Answer 38

PHAGOCYTOSIS

Question 39

"CELL DRINKING"

Answer 39

PINOCYTOSIS

Question 40

is used to export bulky molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides

Answer 40

EXOCYTOSIS

Question 41

Karyokinesis

Answer 41

NUCLEAR DIVISION

Question 42

Cytokinesis

Answer 42

CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION

Question 43

Nuclear membrane intact  DNA synthesis ( chromosomes are duplicating)  Growth (Gap) phase  Nucleoli visible

Answer 43

INTERPHASE

Question 44

Nuclear membrane disintegrating - Thickening, coiling & condensation of duplicated chromosomes - Formation of centriole (in animals) & spindle fibers (plants & animals)

Answer 44

PROPHASE

Question 45

produces spindle fibers forming astral rays

Answer 45

CENTRIOLE

Question 46

direct the chromosomes during cell division

Answer 46

SPINDLE FIBERS

Question 47

Chromosomes align at the center of the cell - Spindle poles at opposite ends

Answer 47

METAPHASE

Question 48

Sister chromatids separate & move at opposite poles - Cytoplasmic division(Cytokinesis) is underway - Formation of cleavage furrow in animal cell & primary cell wall in plant cell

Answer 48

ANAPHASE

Question 49

Nuclear membrane re- forms - Chromosomes de- condense characteristic of interphase

Answer 49

TELOPHASE

Question 50

reductional cell division

Answer 50

MEIOSIS

Question 51

requires the aid of a receptor protein to take up substances

Answer 51

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 52

dock at nuclear pores, pick up molecules synthesized in the nucleus & deliver to various places in the cell

Answer 52

Cellular "trucks"

Question 53

Cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins shaped like

Answer 53

OCTAGONAL BARRELS ( AS THE SHAPE OF NUCLEAR PORE)