Plant Morphology and Anatomy Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
study of the physical form and external structure of plants
A
Plant morphology or phytomorphology
2
Q
study of the internal plant structure, mostly at the cellular/ microscopic level
A
Plant anatomy
3
Q
The shoot system consists of two
portions: _ and _
A
vegetative and reproductive
4
Q
what consists of the vegetative part?
A
leaves and stems
5
Q
what consists of reproductive parts?
A
flowers and fruits
6
Q
supports the plants and absorbs water and minerals, is usually underground.
A
root system
7
Q
Types of growth in plants
A
indeterminate and determinate
8
Q
Plant organ grow continuously
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Indeterminate growth
9
Q
Organs stop growing after reaching a certain size
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Determinate growth
10
Q
Examples of indeterminate growth
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root and stem
11
Q
examples of determinate growth
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leaves, flowers, and fruits
12
Q
Complete their life cycle in one year or single growing season or few weeks to a few months.
A
annuals
13
Q
Complete their life cycle in two years-growing, vegetative and storing food in the first year, flowering and fruiting in the second year
A
biennials
14
Q
Survives for several years. These plants usually bears flowers and fruits every year and do not die after producing flowers
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perennials
15
Q
examples of plants have annual cycle
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sunflowers and corns
16
Q
examples of plants have biennial cycle
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carrots and cabagges
17
Q
examples of plants have perennial cycle
A
roses and mangoes
18
Q
types of plant body
A
Primary plant body
Secondary plant body
19
Q
Primary plant body
A
-Derived from shoot and root
apical meristems
-Composed of primary tissues
-Constitutes the herbaceous
parts of a plant
-An herb consists only of a primary plant body.
20
Q
secondary plant body
A
-Derived from meristems
other than apical meristems
-Composed of secondary tissues: wood and bark
21
Q
derived from shoot and root apical meristems
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primary plant body
22
Q
Constitutes the herbaceous parts of a plant
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primary plant body
23
Q
Composed of secondary tissues: wood and bark
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secondary plant body
24
Q
Derived from meristems other than apical meristems
A
secondary plant body
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an increase in stem and root length
primary growth
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an increase in the girth of plant
secondary growth
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what consists of primary growth?
xylem
phloem
pith
sclerenchyma
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what consists of secondary growth?
secondary phloem and xylem
primary phloem and xylem
cork
bark
cortex
epidermis
cork cambium
vascular cambium
pith
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The basic structural and functional
unit of plants
cell
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Different tissue systems form
organ
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Two or more types of organs form
organ system
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Organ systems make up an
organism
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Types of plant tissue systems
meristematic tissue and permanent (non-meristematic) tissue
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plant regions of continuous cell division and growth.
meristems
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group of identical cells that are in a
continuous state of division.
meristematic tissue
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When a meristematic cell divides in
two, the new cell that remains in
the meristem is called an ___, the
other the ___.
initial ; derivative
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Types of meristematic tissues
apical meristem
intercalary meristem
lateral meristem
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Apical meristem
-A small mitotically active zone of cells found at the shoot tip or root tip
-Primary growth occurs as a result of the activity of apical meristem
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Tissues derived from the apical meristems are
primary tissues
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lateral meristems are known as
secondary meristems
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lateral meristems are responsible for
secondary growth, or increase in stem girth and thickness
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Give increase in girth
secondary growth
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lateral meristems produce
secondary vascular tissues
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two types of lateral meristems
vascular cambium
cork cambium
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cylinder of cells that forms new phloem and xylem.
vascular cambium
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Division of the cells of the vascular cambium adds more cells to the wood (___) and inner bark (___).
secondary xylem ; secondary phloem
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How can you determine the age of a tree?
by counting the number of dark rings
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cork cambium
outermost lateral meristem
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what contain in cork cells
waxy substance that can repel water
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The phloem together with the cork cells form
bark
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Periderm
cork cambium, cork cells, and phelloderm
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The cork cambium also produces a layer of cells known as
phelloderm
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The ___ substitutes for the
epidermis in mature plants.
periderm
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what is bark composed of?
living inner bark (secondary phloem)
dead outer bark (periderm)
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location of intercalary meristem
between the regions of permanent tissues, usually at the base of node, base of internode or at the base of the leaf
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consists of plant cells that are no longer actively dividing
permanent tissue
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A tissue with the cells of similar structure and function
simple tissue
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A tissue that consists of several kinds of cells but all of them function together as a single unit
complex tissue
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Main types of complex tissues
dermal and vascular
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Ground tissue
Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are part of the ground tissue system. The ground or fundamental tissue system constitutes the main body of the plants
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Ground tissue composed of
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
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thin-walled, with large vacuoles, and are usually loosely packed
Parenchyma cells
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Parenchyma cells have ___ primary cell walls
thin
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This is the most common type of cell and tissue, constituting all soft parts of a plant
Parenchyma
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Parenchyma cells are involved in
___, ___, and ___. They also help in ___ ___ and ___ ___.
photosynthesis, storage, secretion ; wound healing, tissue regeneration
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Parenchyma tissue makes up the photosynthetic tissue in
leaves, pulp or flesh of fruits, and the endosperm of seeds
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Leaf parenchyma cells are photosynthetic, have chloroplasts and are called
Chlorenchyma
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a parenchyma tissue found in some species in which some cells are lost to form large gas-spaces.
aerenchyma
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made up of living cells which are similar to parenchyma, but with stronger, unevenly thickened primary cell walls.
collenchyma
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often found as flexible support beneath the epidermis of growing tissues and in many other locations, including stems, leaves and fruits
collenchyma cells
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collenchyma tissue is foud
under the epidermis, young stems, petioles, and leaf veins
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has both a primary wall and a thick secondary wall that is almost always lignified and are often dead at maturity
Sclerenchyma
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a supporting tissue found in organs which have completed lateral growth.
sclerenchyma tissue
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They provide mechanical strength and rigidity to mature parts of the plant.
Sclerenchyma tissue
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Two types of sclerenchyma cells
fibers and sclereids
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flexible and are most often found in areas where strength and elasticity are important
fibers
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short and more or less isodiametric (cuboidal), have strong walls oriented in all three dimensions, brittle and inflexible
sclereids
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sclereids are sometimes known as
stone cells
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plant's outer protective covering
dermal tissue
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a layer of tightly packed cells
epidermis
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replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots
periderm
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a waxy coating on the epidermal surface, helps prevent water loss
Cuticle
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minute pores in the epidermis that are surrounded by two cells called guard cells
stomata
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hairlike outgrowths of the shoot epidermis, reduce water loss and reflect excess light
trichomes
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Stomata are minute pores in the epidermis that are surrounded by two cells called
guard cells
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carries out long-distance transport of materials between the root and shoot systems
vascular tissue system
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greek word "xylos"
wood
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a complex tissue that is mainly responsible for the conduction of water and mineral salts from roots to other parts of the plant
xylem
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Earlier formed xylem elements
protoxylem
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formed after the protoxylem
metaxylem
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The conducting cells of the xylem
tracheary elements
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Xylem is made up of four kinds of cells
tracheids
vessels or tracheae
xylem fibers
xylem parenchyma
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___ and ___ ___ are highly specialized for conduction of water and minerals. At maturity, both cell types are dead and therefore hollow; only their cell walls remain.
tracheids ; vessel elements
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xylem cells with thick secondary cell walls that are lignified
tracheids
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Water moves from one tracheid to another through regions on the side walls known as ___, where ___ ___ are absent
pits ; secondary walls
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chief water conducting cells in gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants
tracheids
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are xylem cells with thinner walls; they are shorter than tracheids.
vessel elements
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Each vessel element is connected to the next by means of a ___ ___ at the end walls of the element.
perforation plate
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___ ___ possess vessel elements
flowering plants
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The fibres of sclerenchyma associated with the xylem; they give additional mechanical support to the plant body; they are present both in primary and secondary
xylem.
xylem fibers
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The parenchyma cells associated with the xylem
xylem parenchyma
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only living tissue amongst the constituents of xylem
xylem parenchyma
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Conducts food materials to various
parts of the plant.
phloem
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The phloem elements which are formed from the procambium of apical meristem are called
primary phloem
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The phloem elements which are
produced by the vascular cambium
are called
secondary phloem
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Phloem is composed of four kinds of cells
sieve-tube elements
companion cells
phloem parenchyma
phloem fibers
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They are present both in primary and secondary xylem.
Xylem fibers
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Flowering plants possess ___
Vessel elements
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two types of conducting cells in phloem
sieve cells and sieve tube members
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If the cell is elongate and spindle-shaped (like a tracheid) and has sieve areas distributed over all its surface
Sieve cells
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Stacked end to end with their large sieve areas aligned, forming a sieve tube
Sieve tube members
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The thin-walled, elongated, specialised parenchyma cells,
which are associated with the
sieve elements
companion cells
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Present only in angiosperm, and absent in gymnosperms and pteridophytes
companion cells
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They assist the sieve tubes in the
conduction of food materials.
companion cells
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Support sieve cells in gymnosperms
Albuminous cells
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The parenchyma cells associated with the phloem, which they store starch and fats.
Phloem parenchyma
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They are present in all, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and
dicots. In monocots, usually absent.
phloem parenchyma
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The fibres of sclerenchyma associated with phloem
Phloem fibers or bast fibers
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Among the four kinds of phloem elements, they are the only dead tissue. These are the strengthening and supporting cells.
Phloem fibers
