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Plants Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What is the role of a leaf?

A

Absorb light for photosynthesis

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2
Q

What are four roles of the stem in plants?

A

Support plant, transport fluids, store nutrients, produce new living tissue

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3
Q

What are three roles of the roots in plants?

A

Absorb water and nutrients, anchor plant body to ground, store food and nutrients

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4
Q

What is the function of epidermal tissues?

A

Protect internal tissues from the outside world

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5
Q

What is the function of palisade mesophyll layer?

A

Allow for photosynthesis

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6
Q

How is the palisade mesophyll layer adapted to its function?

A

Contains lot of chloroplasts

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7
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll layer?

A

Allow interchange of gases

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8
Q

How is the spongy mesophyll layer adapted to its function?

A

There is air space as they are not densely packed together which increases rate of diffusion of gases

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9
Q

What is the function of the guard cells?

A

Regulate the rate of transpiration

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10
Q

How are guard cells adapted for their function?

A

They change shape depending on the amount of water and potassium ions present in the cell. When the plant has lots of water the guard cells fill with it and go turgid which causes the stomata to open to gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis, when the plant is short of water the plant cells go flaccid making the stomata close to stop water vapour escaping. Thin outer walls and thickened inner walls make the opening and closing work

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11
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

Helps exchange of gases and breathing in plants

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12
Q

How is the stomata adapted to its function?

A

It has pores

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13
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water > oxygen + glucose

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14
Q

What two factors is photosynthesis dependent on?

A

Light and chlorophyll

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15
Q

What is the relationship between light intensity and photosynthesis?

A

The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of photosynthesis until it reaches its optimum light intensity and hits a constant rate of reaction

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16
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and photosynthesis?

A

The higher temperature, the higher rate of photosynthesis until it reaches optimum temperature and decreases due to becoming denatured because it has changed shape due to the particles moving more having increased their kinetic energy

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17
Q

What does photosynthesis do with energy?

A

it uses light energy to produce a product which can be broken down to provide energy

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18
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

oxygen + glucose > carbon dioxide + water

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19
Q

What is the relationship between number of bubbles in the pondweed and distance from lamp?

A

The greater distance from the lamp, the less bubbles (inversely proportional)

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20
Q

What happens when you double the distance from light?

A

Quarter the number of bubbles

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21
Q

What is light intensity proportional to?

A

1/distance^2

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22
Q

What happens in transpiration? (4 steps)

A

Water is absorbed through the roots by osmosis, travels through the stem in the xylem vessels, water molecules are attracted to each other so move up in one continuous column (cohesion tension theory), water leaves leaf through stomata via evaporation

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23
Q

What would happen to tomato plants in a greenhouse if a farmer increased the carbon dioxide concentration?

A

The rate of growth would increase

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24
Q

Why wouldn’t a farmer use higher than 0.08% concentration carbon dioxide? (2 reasons)

A

It would cost more money, would not increase the rate of photosynthesis any further

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25
Why would you need to use a thermometer when investigating the effects of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of pondweed?
A thermometer measures temperature, the water must stay at the same temperature to keep it a fair test because temperature is a limiting factor of photosynthesis
26
What is rate of photosynthesis measured in?
Arbitrary units
27
Why might a farmer choose conditions of 20 degrees Celsius and 0.1% carbon dioxide to grow tomato plants? (3 reasons)
To be more cost effective, raising the temperature can make very little difference when the carbon dioxide concentration is low, it is not economical to raise the temperature
28
What could you do to prevent the heat of a lamp having an effect on photosynthesis when measuring light intensity?
Use led bulbs
29
What is a potometer?
Piece of apparatus in which a bubble moves through capillary tube to measure rate of reaction
30
What are 4 factors affecting transpiration?
Light, temperature, humidity, wind
31
How does light effect transpiration?
Transpiration increases in bright light, the stomata opens wider to allow more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis
32
How does temperature affect transpiration?
Transpiration occurs more quickly as the water particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata
33
How does wind affect transpiration?
Transpiration is faster in wind because water vapour is removed quickly by air movement, maintaining a low concentration of water in the air outside of a leaf and speeding up diffusion across the leaf
34
How does humidity affect transpiration?
Transpiration is slower in humid conditions, slowing down the diffusion of water out of the leaf as it is surrounded by moist air so there isn't a big concentration gradient (the bigger the concentration, the faster the diffusion rate)
35
Why do roots need to use two different methods to absorb water and ions?
Concentration of minerals in the soil is very low they dissolve in water and move around the soil in solution. Concentration of water in the soil is higher. Root hair cells are adapted to absorb water out of the soil by osmosis. Minerals cannot be absorbed by osmosis or diffusion because the minerals are in low concentration. The root hair cells have carrier molecules on their surface that pick up minerals and move them into the cell against the concentration gradient. This requires energy and is called active transport
36
How could the method for the impact of light intensity on rate of photosynthesis experiment be improved? 3 ways
Test the pondweed at each distance more than once to calculate an average, leave the pondweed for a longer amount of time, measure the volume of gas
37
Why is it important to keep temperature constant in the photosynthesis experiment?
Temperature is a limiting factor of photosynthesis and the more it increases, the more the rate of reaction increases. If the temperature goes to high the active site becomes denatured and rate of reaction will stop
38
Where are stem cells found in a plant?
Tip of the root or shoot (meristem)
39
What is one economic use of plant stem cells?
To produce large number of identical plants
40
Describe 5 ways plants use glucose
Convert it to starch for storage in roots/stems/leaves ready for use when photosynthesis isn't happening like in the winter, produce fat or oil (lipids) for storage in seeds, produce cellulose for strong cell walls, glucose combines with nitrate ions absorbed from soil to produce amino acids for proteins, respiration transfers energy from glucose which enables plants to convert the rest of glucose to various other useful substances
41
What type of reaction is photosynthesis?
Endothermic in which energy is transferred from the environment to chloroplasts by light
42
Identify 3 physical plant defences to resist invasion of microorganisms
Cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticle on leaves, layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off
43
Identify 2 chemical plant defences
Antibacterial chemicals, poisons to deter herbivores
44
Identify 3 mechanical plant adaptations
Thorns and hairs deter animals, leaves which droop or curl when touched, mimicry to trick animals
45
Identify 6 tissues in a plant
Epidermal tissue covers whole plant, palisade mesophyll tissue, spongy mesophyll tissue, xylem, phloem, meristem tissue
46
How are epidermal tissues adapted?
Covered with a thick waxy cuticle to reduce water loss by evaporation
47
How is the upper epidermis adapted?
Transparent so light can pass through to the palisade layer
48
What do xylem and phloem form?
Network of vascular bundles which deliver water and nutrients to the entire leaf and take away glucose produced by photosynthesis. Also help support the structure
49
How is the lower epidermis adapted?
Contain lots of little holes called stomata which let CO2 diffuse directly into the leaf. The opening and closing of stomata is controlled by guard cells in response to environmental conditions
50
What is translocation?
Phloem transport food substances (mainly dissolved sugars) made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use in growing regions or for storage. The transport goes in both directions
51
What are xylem made of?
Made of dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and a hole down the middle, strengthened with a material called lignin
52
What are phloem made of?
Made of columns of elongated living cells with small pores of the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through
53
What is the transpiration stream?
Xylem carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves. Water evaporates via the stomata
54
What happens in transpiration? 5 points
Caused by evaporation and diffusion of water from a plant's surface (because there is more water inside than the air outside), most transpiration happens at the leaves. Creates a slight shortage of water in the leaf and, more water is drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem vessels to replace it. This in turn means more water is drawn up from the roots so there is a constant transpiration stream of water through the plant
55
How can you investigate transpiration rate?
Measure water uptake as it is directly related to water loss, set up a potometer, record starting position of bubble, start a stopwatch and record the distance travelled by the bubble per unit time along the capillary tube with a scale (as plant takes up water, bubble will move along scale), keep conditions constant like temperature and air humidity
56
How are guard cells affected by light?
They are sensitive to light and close at night to save water without losing out on photosynthesis
57
Why are there more stomata on the underside of a leaf than on the top?
The lower surface is more shaded and cooler so less water is lost through the stomata than if it were on the upper surface
58
Why is starch easier for plants to store than glucose?
Starch is insoluble whereas a cell with lots of glucose would drawn in loads of water and swell up
59
Define limiting factor of photosynthesis
Stops the rate of photosynthesis from happening any faster
60
When can chlorophyll become a limiting factor of photosynthesis? 2 points
When a plant is affected by a disease like tobacco mosaic virus, environmental stress such as a lack of nutrients. These factors can cause chloroplasts to become damaged or to not make enough chlorophyll
61
When is temperature a limiting factor of photosynthesis? 2 points
When the temperature is too low the enzymes needed for photosynthesis work more slowly. When the temperature is too high the enzyme becomes denatured -happens at about 45 degrees celsius
62
How can you investigate affect of light intensity on rate of photosynthesis? 7 steps
Place a source of white light a specific distance from the pondweed, leave pondweed to synthesise for a set amount of time, as it photosynthesises oxygen released will collect in the capillary tube, at the end of the experiment the syringe is used to draw the gas bubble in the tube up alongside a ruler and the length of the gas bubble is measured which is proportional to the amount of O2 produced, any other limiting factors should be controlled (time pondweed is left to photosynthesise, temp), repeat experiment twice at each distance from the lamp to calculate mean volume of O2 produced, repeat whole experiment with pondweed at different distance
63
How could you alter the apparatus used to investigate affect of light on photosynthesis in order to measure the effect of temp or CO2?
Put the test tube of pondweed into a water bath at a set temperature or a measured amount of sodium hydrogencarbonate (which gives off CO2) then repeat the experiment at different temperatures/concentrations
64
What is the relationship between distance from lamp and light intensity?
Light intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
65
How can gardeners create the ideal temperature for photosynthesis in a greenhouse?
Greenhouses help to trap the sun's heat and make sure temperature doesn't become limiting. In winter a farmer/gardener may use a heater to keep temperature at the ideal level. In summer it could get too hot so they may use shades and ventilation to cool things down
66
How can gardeners create the ideal light intensity for photosynthesis in a greenhouse?
Supply artificial light after the Sun goes down to give their plants more quality photosynthesis time
67
How can gardeners create the ideal carbon dioxide concentration for photosynthesis in a greenhouse?
Increase the level of carbon dioxide using a paraffin heater to heat the greenhouse. As the paraffin burns it makes carbon dioxide as a by product
68
What is an advantage of keeping plants in a greenhouse?
Keeping them enclosed keeps them away from pests and diseases
69
How can a farmer provide plants in a greenhouse with all the minerals they need for healthy growth?
Add fertilisers to the soil
70
What do nitrate ions do in plants?
Helps plants grow and produce chlorophyll and proteins so without it growth would be stunted
71
What do magnesium ions do in plants?
Without magnesium, chlorophyll cannot capture sun energy needed for photosynthesis so it gives leaves their green colour
72
What 3 things can a gardener do to identify the pathogen causing a disease infecting plants?
Look in a gardening manual, send it away to be tested, buy a testing kit
73
What are potassium ions needed for in plants?
Healthy root growth
74
What are phosphate ions needed for in plants?
Healthy flowers and fruits

la biologia (5 decks)

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