Plants and the colonization of land

Question 1

almost always used to ward off attack of virus, predators, the plant doesn’t need it to survive directly but uses this as protection from the world

Answer 1

secondary compound

Question 2

Why are plants important?

Answer 2

agriculture
food
drugs and medicine
fossil fuels
conversion of the sun's energy
biodiversity

Question 3

what is the basis of agriculture

Answer 3

plants

Question 4

How does a bee help plants reproduce?

Answer 4

it acts as a messanger, carrying the pollen containing sperm from male flowers to female flowers hich receive the sperm

Question 5

where are female and male flowers located on a plant and why?

Answer 5

The female flowers are towards the bottom of the plant as flowers can turn male after growing for a while so the younger flowers at the base of the plant are female

Question 6

What is the study of plants called?

Answer 6

botany

Question 7

What is our definition of a plant?

Answer 7

charophytes (green algae)
chlorophytes (green algae)
embryophytes (land plants)

Question 8

What is it called when a non-photosynthetic eukaryote engulfs a photosynthetic cyanobacterium (a prokaryote, now called a plasmid)?

Answer 8

primary endosymbiosis

Question 9

What is it called when a non-photosynthetic eukaryote engulfs a photosynthetic eukaryote?

Answer 9

secondary endosymbiosis

Question 10

what are the types of photosynthetic eukaryotes?

Answer 10

red and green algae

Question 11

Explain the oxygen revolution

Answer 11

no oxygen in atmoshphere

• organisms (cyanobacteria) took in CO2 which was plentiful
• produced oxygen
• air became so oxygen dense it became toxic for some
• oxygen helped create ozone layer, life slowly moved to land
• natural give and take of CO2 and oxygen we have today

Question 12

What happened 4550 million years ago

Answer 12

the earth formed

Question 13

what appeared 3500 million years ago

Answer 13

photosynthesis (cyanobacteria)

Question 14

What are the two things that happened 1500 million years ago?

Answer 14

First plasmid was engulfed by eukaryote

red and green algae diverge

Question 15

When did the colonization of land begin

Answer 15

500 million year ago

Question 16

What are the shared features of all plants in this course ?

• chlorophytes
• charophytes
• embryophytes

Answer 16

1) they use starch as energy
2) they all contain chlorophyll b
3) cellulose is a major component of the cell wall
4) thylakoids are in stacks called grana

Question 17

What are the shared features of land plants and charophytes/ what are the features of land plants ancestors?

Answer 17

1) cells begin dividing from inside, not outside
2) plasmodesmat, the connection between cells
3) sperm structure
4) rose-shaped cellulose synthesizing complexes
5) sporopolleinin
6) peroxisome enzymes

Question 18

What are features of land plants/ embryophytes that seperate them from other plants in this course?

Answer 18

1) the cuticle
2) jacketed sex organs called gametangia
3) embryophyte condition
4) alternation of generations

Question 19

Why do plants use starch as energy and not sugar?

Answer 19

Sugar is a good storage molecule because it is easily metabolised and not very reactive, however they absorb and retain water. Starch are chains of glucose so starch can be easily be broken into sugar and starch is insoluble so no water problem

Question 20

what is chlorophyll b

Answer 20

chlorophyll b is an accesory pigment that passes enrgy to chlorophyll a which all photosynthetic eukaryotes have

Question 21

what is unbranched rediues of glucose?

Answer 21

cellulose

Question 22

what is amylose?

Answer 22

straight chain residues of glucose, 20% of starch in plants

Question 23

what is amylopectin?

Answer 23

branched linked residues of glucose, 80% of starch in plants

Question 24

what is the most common organic polymer on earth?

Answer 24

cellulose

Question 25

What makes grana green?

Answer 25

chlorophyll which is contain in thylakoids

Question 26

what ar stacked to make grana?

Answer 26

thylakoids

Question 27

what are thylakoids?

Answer 27

membranes inside chloroplast

Question 28

How do we know that charophytes are the closest relative to embryophytes?

Answer 28

structure | nuclear and chloroplast genes

Question 29

what starts the dividing process in charophytes and embryophytes?

Answer 29

First the formation of the cell plate

Question 30

What is the cell plate associated with?

Answer 30

short microtubules

Question 31

what is a phragmoplast? what is it made of?

Answer 31

the thing that pulls the cell apart, made of microtubules associated with the cell plate

Question 32

What are the connections between cells of embryophtes and charophytes called?

Answer 32

plasmodesmata

Question 33

what are plasmodesmata?

Answer 33

cell membrane extentions through pores in cell wall

Question 34

What does the plasmodesmata allow to pass from cell to cell?

Answer 34

material

Question 35

what is a peroxisome and its purpose?

Answer 35

an organelle involved with detoxifying

Question 36

What is referred to as " the most durable organic product on earth"?

Answer 36

sporopollenin; an organic polymer

Question 37

What does sporopollenin do in nature?

Answer 37

prevents drying out of plants by covering spores and protects embryophytes and charophytes from attacks from viruses and bacteria

Question 38

What is the waxy covering that prevents the drying out of land plants called?

Answer 38

the cuticle

Question 39

what are land plant sex organs called?

Answer 39

gametangia

Question 40

what are male land plants sex organs called and what do they produce?

Answer 40

antheridium ; produces sperm

Question 41

what are land plants female sex organs called and what do they produce?

Answer 41

archegodium; eggs

Question 42

gametangia produce through what process and why?

Answer 42

mitosis as they are already haploid (n)

Question 43

Why are embryophytes named embryophytes?

Answer 43

the embryophyte condition

Question 44

What is the embryophyte condition?

Answer 44

egg/gamete stays on maternal tissue, is fertilized there by males gamete/ sperm , and then the zygote grows on mom and is eventually released

Question 45

What odd phenomenom only occurs in sexual organisms?

Answer 45

alternation of generations

Question 46

what process makes diploid haploid

Answer 46

meiosis

Question 47

What process makes haploid diploid?

Answer 47

fertilization

Question 48

What is special about land plants/ embryophtes sexual reproduction?

Answer 48

both phases of life are multicellular

Question 49

what or which share the feature that they use starch as energy?

Answer 49

all of plants in this course

Question 50

which or what have a cuticle?

Answer 50

just land plants/ embyrophytes

Question 51

what or which divde from the inside of the cell starting at the cell plate and using phragmoplast?

Answer 51

both the charophytes and the embryophytes

Question 52

which or what contains chlorophyll b ?

Answer 52

all plants in this course

Question 53

what or which have jacketed sex organs (gametangia )?

Answer 53

only land plants

Question 54

what or which has cellulose as a major component of the cell wall?

Answer 54

all plants in this course charophytes chlorophytes embryophytes

Question 55

which share the same sperm structure?

Answer 55

embryophytes and the charophytes

Question 56

what or which has rose-shapes cellule synthesizing complexes?

Answer 56

charophytes embryophytes `

Question 57

what or which has the embryophte condition?

Answer 57

the embryophytes!

Question 58

what or which has sporopollenin, the most durable organic product in the world?

Answer 58

charophytes | embryophytes

Question 59

what or which has alternatino of generations?

Answer 59

embryophytes

Question 60

what or which have thylakoids in stacks called grana?

Answer 60

chlorophytes charophytes embryophytes

Question 61

what or which have peroxisome enzymes?

Answer 61

charophytes | embryophytes`

Question 62

what or which have plasmodesmata? the connection betwen cells

Answer 62

charophytes | embryophytes