Lecture 4

Question 1

something that should, or does contain one seed

Answer 1

fruit

Question 2

reproductive structure of conifers?

Answer 2

cones

Question 3

reproductive structure of flowering plants?

Answer 3

flowers

Question 4

microgametophyte in conifers?

Answer 4

pollen

Question 5

nourishing embryo in conifers?

Answer 5

megagametophyte

Question 6

microgametophyte in flowering plants?

Answer 6

pollen

Question 7

nourishing embryo in flowering plants?

Answer 7

endosperm

Question 8

how many cells are the conifers megagametophyte?

Answer 8

many cells

Question 9

how many cells are flowering plants megagametophyte?

Answer 9

8 nuclei, 7 cells

Question 10

what is special about conifers seeds?

Answer 10

they are naked

Question 11

Parts of the shoot system?

Answer 11

nodes, branch, auxiliary bud, leaf, internode region

Question 12

Place on shoot where leaves emerge, sometimes branches

Answer 12

node

Question 13

originally bud, that can remain dormant until it wants to grow

Answer 13

branch

Question 14

small bud

Answer 14

auxiliary bud

Question 15

contains blade and petiole

Answer 15

leaf

Question 16

space on shoot between nodes

Answer 16

internode region

Question 17

what does the root system consist of?

Answer 17

taproot

lateral roots

Question 18

glucose chain

Answer 18

cellulose

Question 19

adjacent, parallel cellulose molecules (polysaccharide), rope-like

Answer 19

cellulose microfibers

Question 20

thin, in all cells; all plants have (except sperm and sea plants)

Answer 20

primary plant cell wall

Question 21

thicker, only in some cells; some plants (helps with strength)

Answer 21

secondary plant cell wall

Question 22

what are plant cell walls mostly composed of?

Answer 22

cellulose

Question 23

some functions of plant cell walls?

Answer 23

Determines and maintains cell shape as plant cell (and membrane with it) within cell wall can expand and contract
Provides support, mechanical strength: allowing plants to get tall, compete for light, hold out thin leaves
Prevent membrane from bursting, because cells will continue swelling w/o cell wall
Control rate and direction of cell grow
Form shape of plant, determines how plant can grow
Physical barrier to threats like:
pathogens
water in suberized (waxy) cells, some cell walls aren’t waxy
Remember wall is porous and allows passage of small molecules*
Carb storage, which the cell can take back and use

Question 24

What are the three types of polyssacharide in cell walls?

Answer 24

cellulose
cross-linking glycans (hemicellulose)
pectin

Question 25

What does hemicellulose/ cross linking glycans do?

Answer 25

bond with cellulose

Question 26

what is the function of pectin in the cell wall?

Answer 26

holding everything together like glue

Question 27

: material of pectic substances which holds adjacent cells together by acting like a glue

Answer 27

middle lamella

Question 28

Was the secondary or primary cell wall made second?

Answer 28

the secondary cell wall was made second

Question 29

How was the secondary cell wall made?

Answer 29

the membrane inside the cell makes the cell walls makes primary primary pushed outwards secondary made

Question 30

why are there two cell walls

Answer 30

support, protection

Question 31

the connections between the cells. Extensions between cells where membrane is continuous

Answer 31

plasmodesmata

Question 32

(cell) | Outermost coating of all land plants (single sheet/layer)

Answer 32

epidermal cells

Question 33

function of epidermal cells

Answer 33

waterproofing | protection from bacteria

Question 34

wax and epidermal cells make the ____

Answer 34

cuticle

Question 35

function of the cuticle

Answer 35

protects against: water loss UV radiation pathogens

Question 36

cell type: Functions, usually performed as a unit of these cells (accomplish things in groups), general cell

Answer 36

parenchymal cells

Question 37

function of parenchymal cells

Answer 37

photosynthesis storage secretion

Question 38

do parenchymal cells have a secondary cell wall?

Answer 38

not usually

Question 39

When do parenchymal cells divide?

Answer 39

at maturity

Question 40

cell type: Support, especially of young and growing organs - uneven primary cell wall

Answer 40

collenchymal cells

Question 41

do collenchymal cells have a secondary cell wall?

Answer 41

no

Question 42

are collenchymal cells alive at maturity? what do they do at maturity?

Answer 42

yes; they elongate at maturity

Question 43

cell type: Support, protection of tissues no longer elongating/ getting longer because they are hard cells with thick secondary wall that has polymer lignin in it. - has 2 forms

Answer 43

sclerenchyma cells

Question 44

are sclerechyma cells alive at maturity? can they elongate at maturity?

Answer 44

probably dead at maturity; cannot elongate at maturity

Question 45

do sclerenchyma cells have a secondary wall?

Answer 45

yes, a thick secondary wall

Question 46

what are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?

Answer 46

fibers | sclereids

Question 47

water conducting cells of xylem?

Answer 47

tracheids and vessel elements

Question 48

_____ have tracheids?

Answer 48

all vascular plants

Question 49

____ have vessel elements

Answer 49

flowering plants

Question 50

are xylem cells alive at maturity?

Answer 50

no

Question 51

What is special about xylem cells second wall?

Answer 51

it is lignified; woody

Question 52

how does water flow through xylem cells

Answer 52

tracheids: through the pits | vessel elements: through tops and bottoms

Question 53

openings in cell walls between cells

Answer 53

pits

Question 54

order of programmed cell death/apotosis

Answer 54

1) Cytoplasmic streaming 2) Secondary cell wall formed 3) Vacuole implodes

Question 55

sugar conducting cells of the phloem?

Answer 55

sieve elements

Question 56

are sieve elements alive at maturity?

Answer 56

yes

Question 57

what are special about sieve elements?

Answer 57

they have companion cells

Question 58

Ultimate source of all parts of mature sporophyte (organs, ect) Undifferentiated Retain "forever" the ability to divide (similar to stem cells)

Answer 58

meristems

Question 59

Roots AM and shoot AM | Primary growth of plant tissue systems

Answer 59

apical meristems

Question 60

Vascular cambium and cork cambium | Secondary growth

Answer 60

lateral meristems

Question 61

what do lateral meristems enable the plant to become?

Answer 61

woody

Question 62

What are the three intermediate meristems?

Answer 62

procambium protoderm ground meristem

Question 63

what does the procambium make?

Answer 63

vascular tissue

Question 64

what does the protoderm make?

Answer 64

dermal tissue

Question 65

what does the ground meristem make?

Answer 65

ground tissue

Question 66

what is the epidermis?

Answer 66

single layer of epidermal cells; covered by cuticle