plants quiz Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
What are the two types of kingdom plantae
A
cryptogras (seedless), phanerogams (seed bearing).
2
Q
name the three cryptogams
A
thallophyta, bryophyta, pteridophyta
3
Q
name the two phanerogams
A
gymnosperms, and angiosperms
4
Q
thallophyta characteristics
A
undifferentiated body (thallus), no vascular system, asexual and sexual
5
Q
bryophyta characteristics
A
no proper root or shoot system, no vascular system, asexual and sexual
6
Q
pteridophyta characteristics
A
differentiated root or shoot system, vascular system present, asexual and sexual
7
Q
gymnosperms characteristics
A
no flowers, naked seeds borne on scales of cones, therefore reproductive organs are in the form of cones
8
Q
angiosperm characteristics
A
flowering plant, seeds are enclosed in fruit
9
Q
meristematic
A
undifferentiated plant tissue from which other tissues develop; lots of mitosis
10
Q
ground tissues
A
cells that fill in between the dermal and vascular tissues
11
Q
dermal tissues
A
outer layer of plant organs
12
Q
vascular tissues
A
for trasnport of water, minerals, and sugars
13
Q
name the two plant systems
A
shoot and root
14
Q
name the four plant tissues
A
meristematic, ground tissues, dermal tissues, vascular tissues
15
Q
the shoot is made up of what two things
A
made up of two organs - the stem and leaves (flowers in some)
16
Q
shoot function
A
support and photosynthesis (reproduction)
17
Q
roots are made up of
A
the roots
18
Q
root function
A
anchoring, absorption of water and minerals’
19
Q
four functinos of roots
A
- amchors the plant in the soil
- helps support the plant in an upright position
- absorbs water and minerals for the plant
- stores food (starch) made by the leaves
20
Q
three types of roots
A
tap root, fibrous root, modified roots
21
Q
tap roots are found in dicots or monocots
A
dicots
22
Q
examples of tap roots
A
dandelions, turnips, carrots
22
Q
fibrous roots are found in dicots or monocots
A
monocots
23
Q
examples of fibrous roots
A
corn, wheat, most house plants
24
two types of modified roots
adventitious roots, storage
25
adventitious roots
roots that emerged from tissues from stem and leaf.
26
storage
allows storage or food and water (potato is an ex)
27
three functions of stems
supports leaves and reproductive structures, connects roots and leaves to allow transport or water and sugar, and stores food made by the leaves.
28
type of stems
herbaceous, woody
29
herbaceous
soft and flexible, annuals (one growing season), performs photosynthesis
30
woody
hard and rigid, can be covered in bark, doesn't perform photosynthesis
31
plant cell types
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, meristematic, epidermal, xylem, phloem
32
parenchyma
- used for storage & gas exchange
- flexible, spherical, and thin-walled
33
collenchyma
- provides support for surrounding tissues
- elongated, occurs in long strands, unevenly thickened cell walls, flexible
34
sclerenchyma
- provides support for mature plants
- very thick cell walls containing lignin, die at maturity and become empty
35
meristematic
- undergo mitosis to allow growth and development
- undifferentiated
36
Epidermal
- protective covering, specialzied cells, guard cells, trichomes, root hairs
- flexible
37
xylem
- used for transport of water
- tracheids and vessel elements, dead at maturity, empty, and thick cell walls
38
phloem
- food conducting cells
- sieve tube elements and companion cells. alive at maturity, sieve tubes have no nucleus
39
Function of Stoma when it's opened
- K+ ions are pumped into guard cells
- water follows
- guard cells plump bow
40
Function of Stoma when it's closed
- K+ ions are pumped out guard cells
- water follows
- guard cells shrink
41
What is transpiration
as water evaporates it pulls other h2o molecules upwards towards low h2o pressure
42
What are the three parts that are included in transpiration
roots, leaves, and xylem
43
how does transpiration happen in roots
- Root pressure is formed as minerals are transported into xylem and water
- Creates pressure pushing water up the plant
44
how does transpiration happen in xylem
- cohesion causes water molecules to stick together forming a column
- adhesion causes water molecules to stick to xylem walls
45
how does transpiration happen in leaves
- water evaporates from stoma and water pressure in leaf cells falls
- as water from xylem enters leaf cells, it males tension on water behind it in the column pulling the column upward, moving water from the root towards the leaves and more water enters roots
46
what is translocation in phloem both high and low pressure
high pressure: sugar actively transported into phloem and h2o follows by osmosis
low pressure: sugar moves from phloem into root cells
47
which 2 parts does translocation in phloem happen
leaves, and roots
48
how does translocation happen in leaves
- sucrose produce via photosynthesis and is actively transported in phloem
- water follows creating high pressure in phloem
- pressure gradient causes solution to move from source to sink
49
how does translocation happen in roots
- sucrose is removed from phloem into root cells
- water follows
- this lowers the pressure in the root contributing to the pressure gradient from source to sink
50
male and female organ names
male: stamen
female: pistil
51
male stamen parts
anther, pollen, filament stalk
52
female pistil parts
stigma, style, ovary, ovules
53
2 parts of flowers that arent apart of stamen or pistil
petals and sepals
54
anther
where pollen is produced and stored
55
pollen
cases that contain male gametes
56
filament stalk
supports anther
57
petals
colorful structure that attracts pollinators
58
sepals
surround and protect the flower bud
59
stigma
sticky lip of the carpel that captures pollen grains
60
style
stalk that supports stigma
61
ovary
swollen base of the carpel that contains ovules
62
ovules
sacs that contain female gametes
63
self pollination
plants pollinate themselves or another flower on the same plant. this can lead to inbreeding and species vulnerability
64
cross-pollination
plants receive pollen from another plant, ensuring genetics.
65
animal pollination
insects and other small animals move from flowers collecting nectar and moving pollen.
66
wind pollination
some plants lack colorful reproductive organs but produce large quantities of light pollen grains to increase chance of pollen landing on a reproductive organ.
67
Seed Dispersal
The survival rate of a species is increased when seeds are dispersed
away from the parent plant(s) to limit competition for resources. Fruits
attract animals and can be transported great distances, aiding wide
dispersal.
Water, animals, and wind are means of dispersal. If the seed lands in
a location with sufficient resources, it can develop into a seedling. If
there are not enough resources, the seed may lose water slowly and
enter dormancy.
68
asexual reproduction
a parent plant produces offspring that are
genetically identical.
69
vegetative propagation,
new individuals are grown from the
roots, stems, or leaves of the existing plant.
70
how is vegetative or asexual reproduction an advantage
This can be an advantage when environmental conditions are stable since
offspring will be well adapted to that environment. Overall, this lowers
genetic diversity.
71
two types of germination
monocot and dicot
72
steps in germination
1. seed absorbs water and swell breaking open seed coat
2. stored food in endosperm or cotyledons begin to break down to provide nutrients for the embryo
3. food and presence of oxygen allows cellular respiration, which provides energy as embryo grows
73
cotyledons
present in seed
monocot - used to breakdown endosperm
dicot - filled with starch for energy for embryo
74
endosperm
only in monocots
filed with starch for energy for embryo upon germination
75
radicle
first root to emerge from the seed
76
hypocotyl
lower part of coleoptile above ther seed
77
epicotyl
upper part of coleptile near the first leaves
78
plumules
first photosynthetic leave of plant formed during seed development
79
6 hormones
auxins, apical dominance, cytokinins, gibberelins, ethylene, and abscisic acid
80
auxins
- stimulate cell divison and elongate in stems and roots
- regulate cell expansion
- found in developing leaves and seeds and shoot tips
81
cytokinins
- stimulate cell division
- prevent ageing of leaves
- root tips and leaves
82
gibberellins
- stimulate cell elongation
- stimulate seed germinatnio
- stimulate fruit growth
- found in young shooots and developing seeds
83
ethylene
- promotes ripening of fruit
84
abscisic acid
- induces and maintains seed dormancy
- inhibits shoot growth
- closes stomata
- found in mature leaves
85
3 types of tropism
phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism
86
phototropism description of response
movement of plant in response to light
positive - towards light
negative - away from light
87
gravitropism description of response
movement of plants in response to gravity
positive - with gravity
negative - away from a surface
88
thigmotropism description of response
movement of plants in response to a surface
positive - towards a surface
negative - away from a surface
89
Photosynthesis formula
6 Co2 + 6 H2O --> 6O2 + C6H12O6
