PLASMODIUM

Question 1

-Early Trophozoites
-as the name implies, refers to a ring like appearance of the malarial parasite following invasion into a previously healthy RBC

Answer 1

RING FORMS

Question 2

Space inside the ring is known as _________

Answer 2

vacuole

Question 3

-remnants of the cytoplasmic circle and chromatin dot are still intact until late development
-the parasite is actively growing during this stage, the amount of RBC space invaded is significantly more than that of the ring form

Answer 3

DEVELOPING/GROWING TROPHOZOITES

Question 4

-Active chromatin replication is seen
-expands and occupies more space within the RBC

Answer 4

IMMATURE/PRESEGMENTING SCHIZONTS

Question 5

EMERGENCE OF THE FULLY DEVELOPED STAGE OF THE ASEXUAL SPOROZOA TROPHOZOITE

Answer 5

MATURE SCHIZONTS-MEROZOITES

Question 6

-typical microgametocyte is roundish in shape
large diffuse chromatin mass that stains pink to purple and is surrounded by a colorless to pale halo
-pigment is usually visible

Answer 6

MICROGAMETOCYTES

Question 7

-round to oval
-pigment is also present, and its color and distribution in this morphologic form vary by individual plasmodium species.

Answer 7

MACROGAMETOCYTES

Question 8

-It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics
-It causes the most severe form of malaria
-It still remains almost unchallenged as the greatest killer of the human race over most parts of Africa and elsewhere in the tropics

Answer 8

PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM

Question 9

NAME THE SIX DISEASES OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM

Answer 9

1. MALIGNANT MALARIA
2. AESTIVO-AUTUMNAL
3. FALCIPARUM MALARIA
4. SUBTERTIAN MALARIA
5. PERNICOUS MALARIA
6. BLACK WATER FEVER MALARIA

Question 10

what dots is seen in plasmodium falciparum

Answer 10

MAURER’S DOTS

Question 11

-most widespread, found in most endemic areas including some temperate zones
-it is ore common in temperate than in tropical region
-It is the second common malaria in the philippines

Answer 11

PLASMODIUM VIVAX

Question 12

what disease have plasmodium vivax?

Answer 12

vivax malaria or benign tertian malaria

Question 13

what dots is present in plasmodium vivax

Answer 13

SCHUFFNER’S DOTS

Question 14

-Similar range as P. falciparum, but less common and patchy distribution
-Common in tropical Africa, Burma, Sri lanka, India, Malaysia and Indonesia
-It is occasionally seen in the Philippines

Answer 14

PLASMODIUM MALARIAE

Question 15

WHAT DOTS ARE RARELY SEEN IN PLASMODIUM MALARIAE

Answer 15

ZIEMANN’S DOTS

Question 16

WHAT DISEASE ARE PRESENT IN PLASMODIUM MALARIAE

Answer 16

MALARIAE OR QUARTAN MALARIA

Question 17

-It is the least common plasmodium infecting man
-it occurs mostly in tropical africa, principally on the west coast and is endemic in ethiopia

Answer 17

PLASMODIUM OVALE

Question 18

what disease are present in plasmodium ovale

Answer 18

ovale malaria and benign tertian malaria

Question 19

what dots are present in plasmodium ovale that present in all stages except early ring forms

Answer 19

schuffner’s dots

Question 20

PHASE: 4-15 days after ingestion of gametocyte
female anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal containing gametocytes from infected person

Answer 20

INVERTEBRATE PHASE

Question 21

Nuclear division and exflagellation

Answer 21

microgametocytes-male

Question 22

shifting of nucleus to the surface to form a projection

Answer 22

macrogametocytes-female

Question 23

Phase: mosquito injects sporozoites to man
sporozoites disappear from the blood

Answer 23

VERTEBRATE PHASE

Question 24

Insect Vectors in the PH: primary vector in the PH, night biter, breeds in slow-flowing clean water mountain streams

Answer 24

Anopheles flavirostris

Question 25

Insect Vectors in the PH: rest either indoors or outdoors, in puddles, pools, ponds, and in shades.

Answer 25

Anopheles balabacensis

Question 26

Insect Vectors in the PH: rest either indoors or outdoors, in pools, ponds, lakes, and in ricefields

Answer 26

Anopheles lesteri

Question 27

Insect Vectors in the PH: rest either indoors or outdoors, in pools ponds or lakes

Answer 27

Anopheles philippinensis

Question 28

Insect Vectors in the PH: rest out of doors, in pools, ponds, lakes, running streams and canals in shades

Answer 28

Anopheles umbrosus

Question 29

Insect Vectors in the PH: vector of plasmodium knowlesi, typically found in forest areas in south east asia but with a greater clearing of forest areas for farmland

Answer 29

Anopheles leucosphyrus

Question 30

characterized by acute febrile attacks

Answer 30

malaria paroxysms

Question 31

-Periodicity varies according to species -Depends on the length of the asexual cycle

Answer 31

Malarial Paroxysms

Question 32

only ____________ and _______________ appear in the peripheral blood

Answer 32

ring forms and gametocytes

Question 33

-more pronounced in P. falciparum -hemolytic, normochromic, normocytic anemia -decrease oxygen carrying capacity leading to anoxia

Answer 33

ANEMIA

Question 34

-caused by an increase in splenic activity -parasitized red cells pass through the spleen, loss their deformability, thus destroyed in the process - normal RBC's are destroyed due to increase activity of macrophages

Answer 34

SPLENOMEGALY

Question 35

seen in plasmodium malariae infection deposition of antigen-antibody complexes causes thickening of the capillaru walls of the basement membrane

Answer 35

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

Question 36

-Syndrome of acute intravascular hemolysis, accompanied b y hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria - Abrupt onset, passage of dark red or almost black urine, vomiting of bile stained fluid, jaundice

Answer 36

BLACKWATER FEVER

Question 37

-Most serious hematologic complication -Activation of the clotting system resulting to thrombin generation and intravascular coagulation

Answer 37

DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)

Question 38

Prostration: first probable symptoms, a condition characterized by confusion or drowsiness with extreme weakness

Answer 38

SEVERE FALCIPARUM MALARIA

Question 39

-Present in P. ovale and P. vivax -Activation of hypnozoites (liver stages) resulting to renewal of malarial infection

Answer 39

RELAPSE

Question 40

-Renewal of parasitemia or clinical features arising from persistent undetectable asexual parasitemia in the absence of an exo-erythrocytic cycle

Answer 40

RECRUDESCENCE

Question 41

smear: screening for positivity and parasite count

Answer 41

thick film

Question 42

smear: species identification

Answer 42

thin film

Question 43

repeat smears every _________________ if negative

Answer 43

12 to 48 hours

Question 44

Malaria parasites take up the stain and appear ____________________________ under a fluorescent microscope

Answer 44

bright green and yellow

Question 45

malaria control: insecticide treated bed nets (ITN) repellants, protective clothing screens, house spraying

Answer 45

Reduce human mosquito contact

Question 46

malaria control: environmental modification larvacides/insecticides biological control

Answer 46

reduce vector

Question 47

malaria control: diagnosis and treatment chemoprophylaxis

Answer 47

reduce parasite reservoir

Question 48

drug resistance with P. falciparum

Answer 48

Chloroquine

Question 49

a primate malaria parasite commonly found in southeast asia

Answer 49

PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI

Question 50

THE FIFTH MAJOR HUMAN MALARIA PARASITE

Answer 50

PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI

Question 51

In developing schizonts of P. knowlesi _________ and _______________ stippling may be observed

Answer 51

Sinton and Mulligan